DAMS

It is used to store water for future

purposes
It is also used to produce hydro electric
power from stored water

TYPES OF DAMS
The dams are classified into two
categories:
By Usage
By Materials

By Usage

By usage the dams are classified into:

Arch dams
Gravtiy dams
Arch-Gravity dams
Barrage dams
Embankment dams

By Materials
By materials used for construction,the
dams are classsified as:
Steel dam
Timber dam

ARCH DAM
Gordan dam,Tasmania dam are the examples for
arch dam.

In arch dam,stability is obtained by a

combination of arch and gravity action.

If the upstream face is vertically the

entire weight of the dam must be carried to the
foundation by gravity.

When the upstream face is sloped the

distribution is more complicated,

Contd,
There are two types of single arch dams in

use namely
Constant angle and
Constant radius dam.
Constant radius type:This type employs the same face radius at
all elevation of the dam,which means the
channel grow narrow towards the bottom of
the dam.EX:jones falls dam

Contd..,
Consant angle dam: In a constant angle dam,the angle is
kept a constant and the variation in
distance between the abutment at
various levels are taken care of varying
the radii.
EX:parker dam

Contd..,
The Multiple arch dam consists of a
number of single arch dam with
concrete buttresses as the supporting
abutements

Gravity dams
The force that holds the dam in place
against the push from the water is
earths gravity pulling down on the mass
of the dam.
The designer tries to shape the dam so
if one were to consider the part of dam
above any particularheight to be a
whole dam itself.,that dam that also
would be held in place by gravity.

contd..,
More that the shape that prevents
tension in the upstream face also
eliminates balancing compression stress
in the downstream face,providing
aditional economy.
These dams are classified into hollow
and solid dams and these dams are
made either of concrete or masonry.

 Examples for solid and hollow dams are

grand coulee and raddock locks and
dams

ARCH-GRAVITY DAMS
Hoover dam is an example of these
dams
A gravitydam can be combined with an
arch dam into an arch gravity dam for
areas with massive amount of water
flow but less material available for a
purely gravity dam.
The inward comp. of the dam by the
water reduces the lateral force acting
on the dam.

Contd..,
The gravitation force required by dam is
lessened,the dam does not need to be so
massive.

BARRAGE DAM
It is a special kind of dam which
consists of line of large gate can be
opened r closed to control the amt of
water passing the dam.
It is used to control and stabilize the
water flow for irrigation systems.

EMBANKMENT DAMS
These dams are made from compacted
earth and have two materials:
Rock fill dams and
Earth dams
It rely on their weight to hold back the
force of water like gravity dams made
from concrete.

Rock fill dams

The embankments of compacted free draining
granular earth with an impervious zone.
The impervious zone may be on the upstream
face and made of masonry,concrete,plastic
membrane,steel sheet piles,timber and other
material.
To prevent internal erosion of clay into
rockfilldue to seepage forces the core is
seperated using a filter.EX:Newmelones dam

Earth fill dams

These are constructed as a simple
embankment of wall compacted earth.
A homogeneous rolled earth dam is
entirely constructed one type of material
but may contain a drainlayer to collect
seep water.
An interersting type of temp.earth dam
occasionally used in hgh latitudes.
Ex:Tarbela dam in pakistan.

BY MATERIAL
Under this type,The dams are classified
into:
Steel dams
timber dams

STEEL DAMS
A steel dam is a type of dam briefly
explained with in around the start of
20th century.
It uses steel plating and load bearing
beams as the structure.
Intended as permanent structures,steel
dams were an experimented to
determine if a const. technique should
be devised that cheaper than any other
type of dams.

TIMBER DAM
It is widely used in early part of industrial
revolution and in frontier areas due to ease
and speed of construction.
Two common types are crib and plank.
Timber crib were erected of heavy timbers
in the manner of a log house and the
interior field with earth.
The heavy crib structure supported the
dams and weight of water.

Contd..,
Timber plank were more elegant
structures that employed a variety of
constant materials utilizing heavy
timbers to support a water retaining
arrangement of planks.

ADVANTAGES OF DAMS
Electricity is produced at a constant
rate.
It is used for irrigation purposes.
Electricity produced by dam systems do
not produce green house gases.

DISADVANTAGES OF
DAMS
Highly expensive to build.
The flooding of large area of land means
that the natural environment is
destroyed
People migrate from their native to
newplace.