CE 2352

DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES

UNIT I
INTRODUCTION
07/01/20
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CONTENT FOR TODAY

Introduction
Common steel structures
Merits and demerits of steel structures
Properties of structural steel
Characteristics of structural steel
Types of steel sections
Considerations in steel design
Loads and combinations
Structural analysis
CE 2352 Design of Steel Structures - UNIT 1 (1)

Prepared by Ruby Freya

INTRODUCTION
Steel plays important role in automobiles,

shipping, machinery, construction

Iron, steel, stainless steel has different
aspects
Structural steel can be hot rolled or cold
formed
Steel as high strength per unit mass.
Steel can be mild steel and high tensile steel
(IS 2062)
Designation
E250 yield strength

CE 2352 Design of Steel Structures - UNIT 1 (1)

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INTRODUCTION
Steel is an alloy consisting mostly of iron, with a

carbon content between 0.2 % and 2.14 % by weight.

Small % of manganese, sulphur (brittleness),
phosphorous (brittleness), chrome (corrosion and
temperature resistance) , nickel (corrosion and
temperature resistance) and copper (corrosion
resistance) are also available
Melting point 2750 degree Fahrenheit
Steel can be recycled.
A sustainable construction material
Structures with better quality and longer lasting
Aesthetically distinctive
CE 2352 Design of Steel Structures - UNIT 1 (1)

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INTRODUCTION
IRON CARBON PHASE DIAGRAM
In general, increasing carbon content increases the strength but

reduces ductility.
Ferrite (): Iron in a BCC structure. Maximum solubility of carbon
in ferrite is low (0.02%C). Ferrite has relatively low strength but
is very ductile.
Austenite: Iron with a FCC structure. Due to FCC structure, more
carbon atoms can be accommodated. Maximum solubility of
carbon in austenite is 2.11%.
Cementite (or iron carbide): This forms when solubility of carbon
in solid iron is exceeded. Fe3C contains 6.67%C. Cementite is
present in all commercial steels. Iron carbide has high strength
but little ductility.
Pearlite: Lamellar structures of ferrite and cementite. Gives the
hardness characteristics
CE 2352 Design of Steel Structures - UNIT 1 (1)

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Manufacture of steel
Video

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Semi finished products

INGOT

SLAB

BLOOM

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BILLET

COMMON STEEL STRUCTURES

CE 2352 Design of Steel Structures - UNIT 1 (1)

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COMMON STEEL STRUCTURES

Roof trusses for factories, auditoriums
Crane girders and gantry girders
Sheds in railway stations and bus stands
Plate girder and truss bridges for railways,
roads, footpaths
Transmission towers for microwave and
electric power
Water tanks
chimneys
CE 2352 Design of Steel Structures - UNIT 1 (1)

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COMMON STEEL STRUCTURES

CE 2352 Design of Steel Structures - UNIT 1 (1)

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COMMON STEEL STRUCTURES

CE 2352 Design of Steel Structures - UNIT 1 (1)

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COMMON STEEL STRUCTURES

CE 2352 Design of Steel Structures - UNIT 1 (1)

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COMMON STEEL STRUCTURES

CE 2352 Design of Steel Structures - UNIT 1 (1)

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CE 2352 DSS - UNIT 1 (1)

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CE 2352 DSS - UNIT 1 (1)

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MERITS OF STEEL
STRUCTURES
High strength
Economic structure
Lighter structure
Uniform properties homogeneity
Follows Hookes law up to proportionality limit
Ductile large deformation
Toughness
Extension of structures

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MERITS OF STEEL
STRUCTURES
High quality
Aesthetic
Low maintenance
Re usable
Dismantled and re erected easily
Fast track construction
Resistant to insects
Economic material

CE 2352 Design of Steel Structures - UNIT 1 (1)

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MERITS OF STEEL
STRUCTURES
Factory made
Quality control
Gas and water tight
Scrap value
Easily strengthened or retrofitted

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DEMERITS OF STEEL STRUCTURES

Heat conductivity, fire spray protection,

board protection, intumescent coating,

concrete encasement
Corrosion resistance by barrier coatings,
inhibitive primer coatings, sacrificial primers,
periodic anti corrosive painting
Maintenance cost
Susceptible to buckling
fatigue
CE 2352 Design of Steel Structures - UNIT 1 (1)

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PROPERTIES OF STRUCTURAL STEEL

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Density = 7850 kg/m^3
Modulus of elasticity = 2x10^5 Mpa
Modulus of rigidity = 0.769x10^3 Mpa
Poissons ratio = 0.3
Coefficient of thermal expansion = 12x10^6 /degree C

CE 2352 Design of Steel Structures - UNIT 1 (1)

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PROPERTIES OF STRUCTURAL STEEL

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Ultimate strength or Tensile strength
Proof or yield stress
Ductility
Toughness capacity to absorb energy

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Structural Steel Properties

Elastic Limit:
Transition from elastic to inelastic
behavior

Yield Point:
Stress Fy at the elastic limit

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Structural Steel Properties

Residual Strain:
Permanent deformation after
unloading
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Structural Steel Properties

If Yield Point not Clearly Defined
0.2% Method

Draw line parallel to elastic part

0.2% Strain
CE 2352 Design of Steel Structures - UNIT 1 (1)

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Structural Steel - Properties

UTM and servo controlled UTM
ASTM testing methodology coupon test , dumbell
shaped specimen
High strength steel has small elongation and mild
steel has larger elongation
Limit of proportionality
Elastic limit
Upper yield point and Lower yield point depends on
cross section
Plastic yielding
Strain hardening
Atoms re orient to rescue the material
Ultimate stress
Necking
Failure
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Structural Steel Sectional /

Geometric Properties
Area
Moment of Inertia about x-x and y-y axis
Radius of gyration
Section modulus
Plastic modulus

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Structural Steel Characteristics

Elasticity: Ability of metal to return to its original shape after
loading and subsequent unloading
Fatigue:

Cycling loading and unloading stresses material above

its endurance limit and leads to failure

Ductility:

Deformation without fracture beyond the elastic limit

(ineleastic behavior)
High Ductility

Toughness: Combination of strength and ductility

High toughness
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Structural Steel Sections

Typical Hot Rolled Steel Shapes

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Structural Steel Sections

Typical Cold-Formed Light Gage Steel Shapes

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Structural Steel Sections

IS specified sections
I Section
ISJB (Indian Standard Junior Beam), ISLB(Light
Beam), ISMB(Medium Beam), ISWB(Wide
Flanged Beam), ISHB(Heavy weight Beam)
Channel
ISLC, ISJC, ISMC
Angle
ISA equal angle and unequal angle
Pipe
Flats
Rods
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Structural Steel Sections

Built-Up Members

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CONSIDERATIONS IN STEEL DESIGN

Sections should be available in market
Access to exposed elements for repair
Size and shape
Buckling
Minimum thickness
Connection designs

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Design Loads
Most important and difficult task
is the accurate estimation of
loads applied to a structure over
its life

Second most difficult is to

determine load combinations

CE 2352 Design of Steel Structures - UNIT 1 (1)

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LOADS
Dead Load IS 875 part 1
Live Load IS 875 part 2
Wind Load IS 875 part 3
Earthquake Load IS 1893
Erection Load
Accidental Load
Crane load
Snow load
Hydrostatic and earth pressure
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LOADS COMBINATIONS
DL + LL
DL + LL + WL or EL
DL + WL or EL

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STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
Find internal forces developed axial
forces and moments
Elastic analysis
Plastic analysis
Advanced analysis
Dynamic analysis

CE 2352 Design of Steel Structures - UNIT 1 (1)

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Steel properties, classification,

applications
Quiz How many design philosophies
are there? Why so many types?
Topics for next lecture
Design philosophies
Limit State Design Concepts
Discussion on latest code (IS800-2007)

THANK YOU
CE 2352 Design of Steel Structures - UNIT 1 (1)

Prepared by Ruby Freya

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