Principles of The WCDMA System: Internal

Internal
Principles of
the WCDMA System
www.huawei.com
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
Huawei Confidential
Preface
Now, the most popular term in the mobile
communication field is WCDMA!

What is WCDMA? And what is its benefit?
Today, lets go to know about WCDMA!
Huawei Confidential
Page 2
Objectives
After studying this course, you should be able to:
Know the basic knowledge of the CDMA system.
Master advantages of the CDMA technology

comparing with other multiple access technologies.
Know technical features of WCDMA FDD.
Huawei Confidential
Page 3
Contents
Chapter 1
WCDMA Principle
Chapter 2
Technical Features of WCDMA

FDD
Huawei Confidential
Page 4
Overview of CDMA Principles
Radio Propagation Environment

Multiple Access Technology and
Duplex Technology
CDMA Principles and Rake Receiver
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Page 5
Multipath Environment
Transmitted
signal
Strength of the
received signal
Time
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Page 6
Fading
Transmitted data
dB
Received data
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
-30
-35
-40
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Page 7
Fading
Rx power (dBm)
Fast fading
-20
Slow fading
-40
-60
10
20
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Distance (m)
30
Page 8
Frequency-Selective Fading
P(f)
P(f)
Fading
Narrowband
System
Transmit Signal
Received Signal
P(f)
P(f)
Fading
Broadband
System
Transmit Signal
Huawei Confidential
Received Signal
Page 9
Classification of Typical Radio Mobile Channels

Static channel
Pedestrian channel in typical urban areas (TU3)
Vehicle mounted channel in typical urban areas (TU30)
Vehicle mounted channel in rural areas (RA50)
Vehicle mounted channel on the highway (HT120)
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Page 10
Overview of CDMA Principles

Duplex Technology
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Page 11
Duplex Technology Distinguish Users UL and

DL Signal FDD
Frequency division duplex (FDD) : Distinguish the uplink and
downlink according to the frequencies.
Adopted by the WCDMA, CDMA2000 and GSM
Advantage: It can be easily implemented.
Disadvantage: The spectrum utilization is low when the uplink and

downlink services (mainly the data services) are asymmetrical.
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Page 12
Duplex Technology Distinguish Users UL and

DL Signal TDD
Time division duplex (TDD) : Distinguish the uplink and downlink
according to the timeslots.
Adopted by the TD-SCDMA
Advantage: The uplink and downlink can be allocated with different numbers
of timeslots when the uplink and downlink services are asymmetrical.
Therefore, the spectrum utilization is high.
Disadvantage:
It cannot be easily implemented and needs precise synchronization. In the CDMA

system, GPS synchronization is needed.
When it is used with the CDMA technology, it is difficult to control interference

between the uplink and the downlink.
Huawei Confidential
Page 13
Multiple Access Technology - Distinguish

Different Users
CDMA
Power
Time
n
Freque
cy
Traffic channels: different

users are assigned unique
code and transmitted over
the same frequency band,
for example, WCDMA and
CDMA2000
TDMA
Power
FDMA
Tim
e
n
ue
q
e
Fr
Us
e
U
Us ser r
Us e r
Us e r
er
Power
Tim
e
eq
Fr
y
nc
e
u
cy
Traffic channels: different time slots

are allocated to different users, for
example, DAMPS and GSM
Traffic channels: different frequency bands

are allocated to different users,for example,
AMPS and TACS
Huawei Confidential
Page 14
Characteristics of CDMA System

High Spectral Efficiency
Frequency multiplex coefficient is 1.

Means we can built a network using only one frequency
Soft capacity
Quality
Coverage
Interference
Self-interference system
A UE transmission power is interference for another UE.

Wideband system
Huawei Confidential
Page 15
Overview of WCDMA Principles

Duplex Technology
Huawei Confidential
Page 16
Questions
Why does the WCDMA system have enhanced anti-interference
performance?
Why is the WCDMA system more secure?
Why are the WCDMA handsets more environment protective?
Huawei Confidential
Page 17
Common Terms
Bit, symbol and chip
Bit (bps): the data that is obtained upon source coding and contains
information.
Symbol (sps): the data obtained upon channel coding and interleaving.
Chip (cps): the data obtained upon final spreading.

The spreading rate of WCDMA is: 3.84 Mcps
Processing gain
It refers to the ratio of the final spreading rate to the bit rate (cps/bps).
In the WCDMA system, the processing gain depends on the specific

service.
Huawei Confidential
Page 18
Spreading Factor and Service Rate

Chip rate = symbol rate spreading factor
For WCDMA, if the chip rate is 3.84 MHz and the spreading factor is 4, the
symbol rate is 960 Kbps.
For CDMA2000-1x, if the chip rate is 1.2288 MHz and the spreading factor is
64, the symbol rate is 19.2 Kbps.
Symbol rate = (service rate + check code) channel code repetition
or punching rate
For WCDMA, if the service rate is 384 Kbps and the channel code is 1/3
Turbo, the symbol rate is 960 Kbps.
For CDMA2000-1x, if the service rate is 9.6 Kbps and the channel code is
1/3 convolutional code, the symbol rate is 19.2 Kbps.
Huawei Confidential
Page 19
Basic Diagram of the WCDMA System
Source
coding
Channel
coding and
interleaving
Spreading
Scrambling
Modulation
RF
transmission
Radio link
Source
decoding
Channel
deinterleaving
decoding and
de-interleaving
De-spreading
De-scrambling
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Demodulation
Page 20
RF
reception
Source Coding in WCDMA

The WCDMA system adopts the adaptive multi-rate (AMR) speech coding.
A total of eight coding modes are available. The coding rate ranges from 12.2
Kbps to 4.75 Kbps.
Multiple voice rates are compatible with the coding modes used by current
mainstream mobile communication systems. This facilitates the design of multimode terminals.
The system automatically adjusts the voice rate according to the distance
between the user and the NodeB, thus reducing the number of handovers and
call drop.
The system automatically decreases the voice rate of some users according to
the cell load, thus saving power and containing more users.
Source
coding
Channel
coding
Interleaving
and
Spreading
interleaving
Scrambling
Modulation
Huawei Confidential
RF
transmission
Page 21
Channel Coding in WCDMA

Channel coding can enhance symbol correlation to recover
signals in the case of interference.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Code type
Voice service: Convolutional code (1/2 and 1/3).
Data service: Turbo code (1/3).
Source
coding
Channel
Interleaving
coding
interleaving
Spreading
Scrambling
Huawei Confidential
Modulation
Page 22
RF
transmission
Interleaving
Interleaving is used to damage symbol correlation and reduce the impact caused by fast fading
and interference of the channel.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ...
Ist interleaving
....
... 452 453 454
B0
B1
B2
B3
B4
B5
B6
B7
1
9
2
10
3
11
4
12
5
13
6
14
7
15
8
16
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
....
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456
2nd interleaving
{A4,B0}
{A5,B1} {A6,B2} {A7,B3} {B4,C0}
{B5,C1}
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{B6,C2}
Page 23
{B7,C3}
Self Correlation and Mutual Correlation of

Code Words
Different users adopt different spreading code words,
such as x1(t) , x2(t) .
Self correlation determines multipath interference.
Mutual correlation determines multiple access

interference.
Self-correlation function
R() =<x1(t) x1(t+) >
Mutual-correlation function
V() =<x1(t) x2(t+) >
Note: <x1(x) x2(y)> =
1, when x1=x2 , and x = y

0, others
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Page 24
Spreading Principle
Users who need to send information: UE1, UE2 and UE3
UE1 uses c1 for spreading: UE1 x c1
c1, c2 and c3 are orthogonal to each other
Information sent: UE1 x c1 + UE2 x c2 + UE3 x c3
Source
coding
Channel
Interleaving
coding and
interleaving
Spreading
Scrambling
Huawei Confidential
Modulation
Page 25
RF
transmission
De-spreading Principle
UE1 uses c1 for de-spreading.
(UE1 x c1 + UE2 x c2 + UE3 x c3) x c1
= UE1 x (c1 x c1) + UE2 x (c2 x c1) + UE3 x (c3 x c1)

= UE1 x 1 + UE2 x 0 + UE3 x 0
= UE1
In the same way, UE2 uses c2 for de-spreading and UE3
uses c3 for de-spreading to get their own signals.
Huawei Confidential
Page 26
Spreading Principle
____________
UE1:
+1
-1
-1
+1
_____________
UE2:
c1:
+1 -1 +1 -1
+1 -1 +1 -1
c2:
+1 +1 +1 +1
+1 +1 +1 +1
UE1xc1:
+1 -1 +1 -1
-1 +1 -1 +1
UE2xc2:
-1 -1 -1 -1
+1 +1 +1 +1
UE1xc1 UE2xc2:
-2 0
-2
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0 +2 0 +2
Page 27
De-spreading Principle
UE1c1 UE2c2
-2 0
-2
+2 0 +2
UE1 de-spreading with c1:
+1 -1 +1
-1
+1
-1 +1 -1
De-spreading result:
+2
-2 0
Integral:
Decision:
UE2 de-spreading with c2:
De-spreading result:
Integral:
Decision :
+2 0
+4
-4
+4/4 = +1
-4/4 = -1
-2
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1
0
-2
-2
0 +2
0 +2
-4
+4
-4/4 = -1
+4/4 = +1
Question: How to generate those orthogonal codes like c1 and c2?
Huawei Confidential
Page 28
OVSF & Walsh

Cch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1)
Cch,2,0 = (1,1)
Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1)
Cch,1,0 = (1)
Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)
Cch,2,1 = (1,-1)
Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)
SF = 1
SF = 2
SF = 4
OVSF codes (Walsh) are completely orthogonal

and their mutual correlation is zero.
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Page 29
Why CDMA system is a self interference system?

Since all the users use orthogonal code, where does the self
interference come from?

Comes from the code error during the transfer.
If there are some code error on one users information, it
misses some orthogonal to others. Then interference comes.
Huawei Confidential
Page 30
Sample of code error

UE1xc1 + UE2xc2
0 -2 0 -2
UE1xc1 + UE2xc2 error 2 -2 0 -2

c1:
0 +2 0 +2
1 +2 0 +2
+1 -1 +1 +1
+1 -1 +1 -1
Result:
2 +2 0 +2
0 -2 0 -2
Integral:
+6
-4
Decision:
C2
+6/4 = 1.5
-4/4=-1
+1 +1 +1 +1
+1 +1 +1 +1
Result:
2 -2 0 -2
0 +2 0 +2
Integral:
-2
+4
Decision:
-2/4=-0.5
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+4/4=1
Page 31
Scrambling in the WCDMA System

Downlink: Different cells have different downlink scrambling codes.
Each cell is configured with a unique downlink scramble. The UE

identifies a cell based on the scramble.
The OVSF code is used to distinguish different users in a cell.
Uplink: Scrambles are used to distinguish different users.
In one cell, each user is configured with a unique uplink scrambling

code.
The OVSF code is used to distinguish the services of a user.
Source
coding
Channel
Interleaving
coding and
Spreading
Scrambling
interleaving
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Modulation
Page 32
RF
transmission
Spreading and Scrambling
Symbols
xx sps
3.84Mcps
3.84M
OVSF code
Scrambling
code
3.84Mcps
Huawei Confidential
Page 33
Chips after
spreading
and
scrambling
Code Generation Technologies in CDMA

Random sequence (Bernoulli sequence)
It consists of 0s and 1s only, with the number of 0s equal to that of 1s.
The probability of continuous 1 or 0 is as follows: 1/2 for one continuous 0 or 1, 1/4

for two continuous 0 or 1, 1/8 for three continuous 0 or 1.
One half of the shift sequence is the same as the original sequence and the other
half is different.
m sequence - scrambling code used in the CDMA2000 system
It is generated by the shift register.
As the longest linear shift register sequence, its period is 2 n-1, where n stands for
the length of the shift register.
When the delay is 0, the self-correlation function has a maximum value. In other
cases, the function value is always -1.
It meets the Bernoulli sequence.
Its disadvantages are: Only one sequence is available and different users are
distinguished by different phases. So it has a high requirement for synchronization.
Huawei Confidential
Page 34
Gold Sequence Scrambling Code in the

WCDMA
System
Gold sequence
It consists of two preferred m sequences on the Exclusive-OR

basis.
Its self-correlation function has multiple values, which is worse

than the m sequence.
It exceeds the m sequence in quantity.
The Gold sequence is used to distinguish the cells and users
in the WCDMA system owing to its good self correlation.
Good self correlation determines the Gold sequences can be

used to distinguish users, thus the multiple access function is
realized.
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Page 35
Advantages and Disadvantages of the

Gold Sequence
Advantages: The Gold sequence needs no GPS synchronization
and features high system flexibility and security.
The NodeB can work in asynchronous mode.
It is easy to realize indoor coverage.
Disadvantages: The Gold sequence has greater inter-code
interference than the m sequence.
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Page 36
Spreading/De-spreading Principle Explanations

for Frequency Domain
Eb / No = Ec / Io gain
Power spectrum
a2Tbit = Ebit
Demodulation
threshold
Allowed maximum interference

level of the system
Gain
Interference
signals from
other users
Power that all the

users can share
Echip
Huawei Confidential
Page 37
Spectrum Change in CDMA

Spreading code
P(f)
P(f)
f
P (f)
Broadband signal
f
Narrowband signal
f
Noise
Separation of
signals and noise
P (f)
Signal
combination
Noise + broadband signal

P (f)
f
Spreading code
The CDMA broadband spreading technology

effectively avoids frequency-selective fading of radio channels.
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Page 38
Rake Receiver
Correlator 1
Correlator 2
Combiner
Receive set
The
combined
signal
Correlator 3
Calculate the
time delay and
signal strength
Searcher
correlator
s(t)
s(t)
RAKE receiver help to overcome on the multi-path fading and enhance the receive
performance of the system
Huawei Confidential
Page 39
Summary - Advantages of CDMA

RAKE receiver is adopted
The time diversity effect generated by channel coherence

time is efficiently used.
Frequency diversity
Wideband frequency spectrum

Higher interference tolerance and security performance
Low signal transmission power

Great flexibility in carrying multiple services with largely
different bit rate and QoS requirement.

Different spreading factors for different services with
different data rates
High spectral efficiency
All users can share the same frequency spectrum

simultaneously.
Supporting soft handover and softer handover.
Huawei Confidential
Page 40
Contents
Chapter 1
WCDMA Principle
Chapter 2
Technical Features of WCDMA

FDD
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Page 41
Characteristics of WCDMA FDD

Channel bandwidth: 5MHz
Chip rate: 3.84Mcps
Frame length: 10ms
Voice coding: AMR (Adaptive Multi-Rate)
Uplink and downlink modulation: QPSK/QPSK
Coherence demodulation aided with pilot
Fast closed loop power control: 1500Hz
Handover: soft/hard handover
Support synchronous and asynchronous NodeB
operation
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Page 42
Characteristics of WCDMA FDD

Satisfy the minimum performance requirement of IMT2000
Compatible with GSM-MAP core network
Comparatively steady version R99 has been released
Support open loop and closed loop transmit diversity mode
Support Common Packet Channel(CPCH) and Downlink
Share Channel, adapt to Internet data access mode

Support macro diversity, selection diversity of NodeB
location
Support different fast power control algorithms and open
loop, out loop power control

Fully support UE locating services
Huawei Confidential
Page 43
Differences Between the WCDMA and GSM on

the Air Interface
WCDMA
GSM
Carrier spacing
5 MHz
200 KHz
Frequency reuse coefficient
1-18
Power control frequency
1500 Hz
2 Hz or lower
QoS control
Through the RRM algorithm
Through network planning

(frequency planning)
Frequency diversity
The 3.84 MHz bandwidth

enables the air interface to use
the rake receiver for multipath
diversity.
Frequency hopping
Packet data
Load-based packet scheduling
Timeslot-based scheduling
in GPRS
Downlink transmit diversity
Supported by the protocol to

improve downlink capacity
Not supported by the

standard but can be applied.
Huawei Confidential
Page 44
Conclusion
This course describes the WCDMA system.
This course first describes some key technologies. Then,
describes the basic principles of CDMA and the WCDMA

FDD mode.
After studying this course, we can have a preliminary
understanding of WCDMA, thus laying a good foundation for

subsequent study.
Huawei Confidential
Page 45
Thank You !
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Internal

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

communication field is WCDMA!

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Know the basic knowledge of the CDMA system.

Master advantages of the CDMA technology

Know technical features of WCDMA FDD.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Technical Features of WCDMA

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Overview of CDMA Principles

Radio Propagation Environment

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Classification of Typical Radio Mobile Channels

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Overview of CDMA Principles

Radio Propagation Environment

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Duplex Technology Distinguish Users UL and

downlink according to the frequencies.

Adopted by the WCDMA, CDMA2000 and GSM

Advantage: It can be easily implemented.

Disadvantage: The spectrum utilization is low when the uplink and

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Duplex Technology Distinguish Users UL and

according to the timeslots.

Adopted by the TD-SCDMA

It cannot be easily implemented and needs precise synchronization. In the CDMA

When it is used with the CDMA technology, it is difficult to control interference

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Multiple Access Technology - Distinguish

Traffic channels: different

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Traffic channels: different time slots

Traffic channels: different frequency bands

Characteristics of CDMA System

Frequency multiplex coefficient is 1.

A UE transmission power is interference for another UE.

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Overview of WCDMA Principles

Radio Propagation Environment

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Chip (cps): the data obtained upon final spreading.

In the WCDMA system, the processing gain depends on the specific

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Spreading Factor and Service Rate

Symbol rate = (service rate + check code) channel code repetition

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Basic Diagram of the WCDMA System

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Source Coding in WCDMA

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Channel Coding in WCDMA

signals in the case of interference.

Voice service: Convolutional code (1/2 and 1/3).

Data service: Turbo code (1/3).

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and interference of the channel.

... 452 453 454