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Lecture 2
Elements of Railway Track
üRoadbed
Ballast
Sleeper
Fastenings
Rails
What is a roadbed?
Paving:
ü To pave means to make hard, durable and permanent. It gives pleasing appearance.
There are options of stone paving, asphalt paving, etc. Decision must be made
according to budget.
Rip Rap:
ü Loose placement of stones along slope with toe wall.
ü Protects saturated fills along rivers and lakes.
ü Grouting between stones could be used for greater stability.
Planting:
ü Choice of plantings is determined by conditions of local soil, climate and rainfall.
ü Native plants are likely to give best results.
Cinder Blankets:
ü Used for clay embankments.
Retaining Walls:
ü Provided when angle of slope is considerably greater than angle of repose of slope
materials.
Roadbed Materials
Functions of soils
Soils have a dual function for roadbed. 1) Soils constitute
the foundation on which railways are constructed. 2)
Soils are also the materials of which the roadbed is
constructed.
An engineer can’t always select soils entirely by his own
choice because a railway track is hundreds of miles long
and a variety of soils are encountered in the field. Proper
knowledge of soils & their functions can help creating a
stable and purpose fulfilling track. This knowledge is
primarily based on classification of soils and their
properties.
Testing of Soils for Selection
Why High Internal Friction and Cohesion?
Adverse Properties
üTendency to flow or run because of rounded shapes of
sand & silts. Flow occurs due to low internal friction
and cohesion.
üSwelling and frost action.
üLateral flow under pressure
Use of soils
First Method
Bring from scattered pits the desired soils in proper
amounts and mix the several types in spreading and
compacting operation.
Second Method
Engineer may obtain helpful selection at pit. If several
Because:
Channel Capacity =
Where:-
Q = discharge in cum/sec
V = mean velocity in m/sec
n = Manning’s roughness coefficient
R = A/P where, R is Hydraulic radius in m,
A = area of the flow cross- section in square metre
P = wetted perimeter of cross-section
Subsurface Drainage
Backfilled with
excavated soil
and thoroughly
compacted so as
to stop water
directly
percolating from
backfill material
around the pipe.
Use of Free draining materials in subsurface
drains
When only free draining material is used in trench,
the main drain may be constructed without any
pipe. The trench may be filled with material such as
gravel or stone aggregate free from organic and
deleterious substances.
Types of Subsurface Drainage
Failure of
Railway
Embankments
Failure of Railway Embankments
Symptoms of Failure
Slips in slopes
Loss of Ballast
Variation in Cross Levels
Upheaval of the ground beyond toe of embankment
Failure of Natural Ground
Shear Planes
Failure of Natural Ground
Excessive settlement due to Upheaval of Ground beyond toe
of embankment
Remedial Measures for preventing Failure of
Natural Ground
Sand Drains
Remedial Measures for preventing Failure of
Natural Ground
Balancing Embankment
BALANCING BALANCING
EMBANKMENT EMBANKMENT
Remedial Measures for preventing Failure of
Natural Ground
Sheet piles / ordinary piles
Following reasons cause excessive settlement and
Failure
shear of mainly
failure Fill Material of Embankment
due to failure of fill material:
Heavy Traffic
Inadequate slopes to Embankments
Percolation of water in Embankment (low shear
strength)
Failure Types
Slope Failure
Toe Failure
Base Failure
Remedial Measures for preventing Failure due
to fill material of embankment