Anatomy and Physiology, Seventh Edition

RodR.Seeley
IdahoStateUniversity
TrentD.Stephens
IdahoStateUniversity
PhilipTate
PhoenixCollege

Chapter 07
Lecture Outline*
*See PowerPoint Image Slides for all figures and tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes.

CopyrightTheMcGrawHillCompanies,Inc.Permissionrequiredforreproductionordisplay.

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Chapter 7

Skeletal System
Gross Anatomy

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Skeletal System Functions and

Components

Provides framework
Provides levers upon which muscles act to move the body
Protection of organs
Mineral storage
Hemopoiesis
Energy storage
Components
Bones
Cartilage
Ligaments
Tendons

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Anatomic Bone Features

Terms
Body: main part
Head: enlarged end
Neck: constriction
between head and body
Margin or border: edge
Angle: bend
Ramus: branch off body
Condyle: smooth rounded
articular surface
Facet: small flattened
articular surface

Projections
Process: prominent
projection
Tubercle: small rounded
bump
Tuberosity: knob
Trochanter: tuberosities
on proximal femur
Epicondyle: near or
above condyle

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Anatomic Bone Features

Ridges
Line or linea: low ridge
Crest or crista:
prominent ridge
Spine: very high ridge

Openings

Foramen: hole
Canal or meatus: tunnel
Fissure: cleft
Sinus or labyrinth:
cavity

Depressions
Fossa: general term
for a depression
Notch: depression in
bone margin
Fovea: little pit
Groove or sulcus:
deeper, narrow
depression

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Divisions of the Skeleton

Axial skeleton

Skull
Hyoid bone
Vertebral column
Thoracic (rib) cage

Appendicular skeleton
Limbs
Girdles
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The Complete Skeleton

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The Skull or Cranium

Functions
Protects brain
Supports organs of special
senses
Provides foundation for
structures that take air, food,
and water into body

Superior view of skull

Parietal bones
Frontal bone
Sagittal suture
Coronal suture

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Posterior View of Skull

Parietal and occipital bones
are major structures
Lambdoid suture: between
parietals and occipital
Sutural bones may be
present: variable
External occipital
protuberance
Ligamentum nuchae: Helps
keep head erect

Nuchal lines: Neck muscle

attachment points

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Lateral
View of
Skull

Parietal bones and squamous part of

temporal bone form most of side of skull
Squamous suture: joins the parietal and
temporal bone
Features of the temporal bone
External auditory meatus
Mastoid Process
Temporal lines
Zygomatic process of the
zygomatic arch
Greater wing of the sphenoid bone
anterior to the temporal bone
Zygomatic bones with its temporal
process of the zygomatic arch
Maxilla
Mandible. Articulates with the temporal
bone. Body, ramus, condyle, genu, and
coronoid process

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Frontal View of Skull

Major structures are
frontal bone, zygomatic
bones, maxillae, and
mandible
Maxilla and Mandible
bear teeth
Orbits. Cone-shaped
fossae with their apices
oriented posteriorly
Nasolacrimal canal
Optic foramen

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The Orbit

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Bones of Nasal Cavity

Nasal cavity. Pear-shaped,
open anteriorly
Nasal septum divided nasal
cavity into right and left halves
Bony part is vomer and
perpendicular plate of the
ethmoid
Hyaline cartilage anterior part

Nasal conchae: form lateral

walls
Inferior: separate bones
Middle and superior:
projections of the ethmoid
Increase surface of nasal cavity

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Paranasal Sinuses
Associated with the bones
of the nasal cavity
Functions
Decrease skull weight
Resonating chambers

Named for bones in which

they are found

Frontal
Maxillary
Ethmoidal
Sphenoidal

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Interior of
the Cranial
Cavity

Cranial cavity: occupied by the brain

Calvaria (skull cap): upper dome-like
portion of skull
Floor divided into anterior, middle, and
posterior fossae
Crista galli: prominent ridge in center of
anterior fossa. Point of attachment for the
dura mater (one of the meninges)
Olfactory fossae lateral to crista galli.
Olfactory bulb within
Cribriform plate of the ethmoid forms

floor of olfactory fossae

Olfactory nerves pass through the
foramina of the cribriform plate
Sella turcica: part of sphenoid bone that
houses the pituitary gland
Foramen magnum: opening where brain
attaches to spinal cord

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Inferior View of

Skull

Foramina
Foramen magnum: spinal cord exits and
vertebral arteries enter
Carotid canals: internal carotid arteries
Foramen lacerum: internal carotid
Jugular foramen: internal jugular veins
Specialized surfaces
Occipital condyles: articulation between
skull and vertebral column
Styloid processes: attachment site for
muscles that move the tongue
Mandibular fossa: site of articulation with
mandibular condyles
Medial and later pterygoid plates: parts of
sphenoid bone that surround posterior
opening of nasal cavities
Vomer: posterior portion of nasal septum
Hard palate: floor of the nasal cavity. With
the soft palate, separates nasal from oral7-19
cavities

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Bones of the Skull

Twenty-two bones plus six auditory ossicles that
function in hearing
Of the twenty-two, two portions Neurocranium (braincase)
Surrounds and protects brain
Parietals, temporals, frontal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid

Viscerocranium (facial bones)

Protect major sensory organs- eyes, nose, and tongue
Provide attachment sites for muscles of mastication, facial
expression, and eye movement
Maxilla and mandible have alveolar processes and sockets for tooth
attachment
Maxillae, zygomatics, palatines, lacrimals, nasals, inferior nasal
conchae, mandible, vomer. Note: frontal and ethmoid contribute to
the face and mandible is not part of the skull

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Hyoid Bone
Unpaired
No direct bony
attachment to skull
Attachment point for
some tongue muscles
Attachment point for
neck muscles that
elevate larynx during
speech and swallowing
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Vertebral Column
Functions
Supports weight of
head and trunk
Protects the spinal cord
Allows spinal nerves to
exit the spinal cord
Provides site for
muscle attachment
Permits movement of
head and trunk

Twenty-six bones in adult; 34 in

embryo
5 fuse to form sacrum
4 or 5 coccygeal fuse to form
the coccyx
Regions
Cervical (7 vertebrae)
Thoracic (12 vertebrae)
Lumbar (5 vertebrae)
Sacral bone (1)
Coccygeal bone (1)

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Vertebral Column
Four major curvatures in adults

Cervical: anterior
Thoracic: posterior
Lumbar: anterior
Sacral and coccygeal: posterior

At birth, column is C shaped

When head is raised, cervical curve
appears
When sitting and walking begin,
lumbar curve develops

Abnormal curvatures
Lordosis. Exaggeration of lumbar
Kyphosis. Exaggeration of thoracic
Scoliosis. Lateral, often
accompanied by kyphosis

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Intervertebral Disks
Located between adjacent
vertebrae
Functions
Provide support
Prevent vertebrae rubbing
against each other

Consist of
Annulus fibrosus: external
Nucleus pulposus: internal and
gelatinous

Becomes compressed with age

and height decreases
With age, more susceptible to
herniation
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Herniated or Ruptured Disk

Part of the fibrosus has been removed to expose the pulposus.

Breakage or ballooning of the annulus fibrosus

with a partial or complete release of the nucleus
pulposus. May push against spinal nerves
impairing function and causing pain.

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General Structure of a Vertebra

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Articulations and Spaces Between

Vertebrae
Articular processes
have articular facets
where vertebrae meet
each other
Spinal nerves exit the
vertebral column
through intervertebral
foramina
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Cervical
Vertebrae

Superior seven vertebrae

Have very small bodies, tend to have
bifid spinous processes, and have
transverse foramina
Atlas: first cervical vertebra
Articulates with skull and allows
yes movement
No body and no spinous process
Axis: second cervical vertebra
Dens or odontoid process extends
superiorly into the vertebral
foramen of the atlas
Allows rotation of the atlas on the
axis, the no movement
Vertebral prominence: most prominent
spinous process in area. Usually 7th
cervical
Superior articular facets face
superiorly; inferior facets face inferiorly

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Thoracic Vertebrae
Long, thin spinous
processes directed inferiorly
Long transverse processes
Articular facets on
transverse processes for ribs
(first 10 thoracic vertebrae)
Facets on body for
articulation with ribs
Most ribs have heads that
articulate with two
sequential vertebrae

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Lumbar Vertebrae
Large thick bodies
Heavy rectangular
transverse and spinous
processes
Superior articular facets
face medially; inferior
articular facets face
laterally
Adds strength
Limits rotation

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Spina Bifida
Lamina of vertebrae: can
be removed
(laminectomy) when they
inhibit a surgery such as a
disc removal.
Spina bifida: failure of the
laminae to form or to fuse
together during
development. Can affect
the spinal cord. Most often
occurs in lumbar region.
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Sacrum and Coccyx

Sacrum
Alae: superior lateral parts of
fused transverse processes
Auricular surface: articulates
with pelvic bone
Median sacral crest: partially
fused spinous processes
Sacral hiatus: site of anesthesia
injection
Sacral foramina: intervertebral
foramina
Sacral promontory anterior edge
of body of first vertebra. Marks
separation of abdominal and
pelvic cavities

Coccyx: tailbone

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Thoracic or Rib Cage

Functions
Protects vital organs
Forms semi-rigid chamber for
respiration
Parts
Thoracic vertebrae
Ribs (12 pair)
True or Vertebrosternal: superior
seven. Attach directly to sternum via
costal cartilages
False: inferior five
Vertebrochondral (3) joined by
common cartilage to sternum
Floating or vertebral (2) do not
attach to sternum

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Sternum
Manubrium
Articulates with first rib and
clavicle
Jugular notch superiorly
Sternal angle: point where
manubrium joins body. Second
rib articulates here

Body: third through seventh

ribs articulate
Xiphisternum
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Appendicular Skeleton
Girdles
Pectoral or shoulder
Pelvic

Upper Limbs

Arm
Forearm
Wrist
Hand

Lower Limbs
Thigh
Leg
Foot

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Pectoral Girdle

Scapula (2)
Acromion process
Forms protective cover
Attachment for clavicle
Attachment for muscles

Scapular spine: divides posterior

surface into supra- and infraspinous
fossae
Coracoid process: attachment for
muscles
Glenoid cavity: articulates with
humerus

Clavicle (2): articulates with

acromion and with manubrium of
sternum

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Humerus (Arm)
Head
Neck: anatomic and
surgical
Tubercles: greater and
lesser
Intertubercular groove
Deltoid tuberosity
Capitulum: rounded,
articulates with radius
Trochlea: spool-shaped,
articulates with ulna
Epicondyles
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Forearm: Radius
Medial: thumb side
Proximal end
Head rotates in radial notch
of ulna.
Radial tuberosity: site of
biceps brachii insertion

Distal end
Articulates with carpals and
ulna
Styloid process

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Forearm: Ulna

Lateral: little finger side

Proximal end

Trochlear notch: fits over

trochlea of humerus
Olecranon process: point
of elbow
Coronoid process

Distal end

Head articulates with

radius and with carpals
Styloid process

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 Wrist: eight carpal bones

In order from lateral to medial
for proximal row and medial to
lateral for distal row: So Long
Top Part, Here Comes The
Thumb
Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum,
Pisiform, Hamate, Capitate,
Trapezoid, Trapezium
As a unit are convex posteriorly
and concave anteriorly
Carpal tunnel: on anterior
surface. Ligament from tubercle
of trapezium to hook of hamate

Wrist and Hand

Hand: five metacarpals (palm

of hand); five digits with their
phalanges

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Pelvic Girdle
Coxae and sacrum form ring
Pelvis: pelvic girdle and
coccyx
Coxae: Right and Left
Ilium
Ischium
Pubis

Acetabulum: articulates with

head of femur
Obturator foramen
Sacrum

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Coxae

Formed as fusion of embryonic

ilium, ischium, pubis. All three
contribute to acetabulum
Ilium: iliac crest, anterior and
posterior superior iliac spines,
greater sciatic notch, auricular
surface, sacroiliac joint, iliac fossa
Ischium: ischial tuberosity
Pubis: pubic crest, symphysis
pubis (pubic symphysis)
Pelvic brim
False (greater pelvis) pelvis superior
to brim
True pelvis inferior to brim
Pelvic inlet
Pelvic outlet

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Male and Female Pelvis

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Thigh:
Femur and
Patella

Femur
Head: articulates with
acetabulum
Neck
Trochanters: attachment for
muscles that fasten lower
extremity to hip
Greater and lesser
Distal condyles: articulate with
tibia
Medial and lateral
Epicondyles: ligament attachment
Medial and lateral

Patella or kneecap: sesamoid

In tendon of quadriceps femoris
Changes force relationship
between femur and tibia

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Leg: Tibia and Fibula

Tibia
Larger and supports most of
weight
Tibial tuberosity: attachment of
quadriceps femoris
Anterior crest: shin
Condyles: medial and lateral;
articulate with condyles of femur
Intercondylar eminence
Medial malleolus: medial side of
ankle

Fibula
Articulates with tibia not femur
Lateral malleolus: lateral wall of
ankle

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Foot: Tarsals, Metatarsals,

Phalanges
Tarsals (7)
Proximal row: No
Thanks Cow =
Navicular, Talus,
Calcaneus
Distal row: MILC =
Medial,
Intermediate and
Lateral Cuneiforms

Metatarsals (5):
foot
Phalanges: toes
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 Function
Distribute weight of body
between heel and ball of foot:
weight transferred from the
tibia and fibula to the talus.
From there, the weight is
distributed first to the
calcaneus then through the
arch system along the lateral
side of the foot to the ball
(head of the metatarsals).
Footprint in wet sand: only
heel, lateral margin, ball, and
toes of foot imprinted.

Arches of
the Foot

Three major arches

Transverse arch
Longitudinal arches: Medial
and lateral

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