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FOUNDATIONS

 FOUNDATION: IN ITS WIDEST SENSE ,THE TERM


FOUNDATION MAY BE DEFINED AS “AN EXPANDED BASE OF A
WALL OR PIER IN ADDITION TO THE GROUND OR SUB SOIL
WHICH SUPPORTS IT”.
 COMPONENTS OF A FOUNDATION:
A CONCRETE BED ONLY –BASE OF FOUNDATION
FOOTINGS :ONE OR MORE COURSES OF STONE WORK OR
BRICK,WIDER THAN THE WALL OR PIER THEY SUPPORT.
• OBJECTIVES OF A FOUNDATION:
 TO DISTRIBUTE THE WEIGHT OF THE SUPERSTRUCTURE
OVER A SUFFICIENT BEARING AREA .
 TO PREVENT THE SUBSOIL FROM SPREADING.
 TO AVOID SETTLEMENT OF STRUCTURE.
 OR WHEREVER SUBSIDENCE IS UNAVOIDABLE,IT SHALL BE
UNIFORM.
 IT MUST ALSO ANCHOR THE BUILDINGS SUPERSTRUCTURE
AGAINST UPLIFTING N RACKING DUE TO WIND OR
EARTHQUAKE FORCES.
 LOADS ON FOUNDATION:
 DEAD LOAD – FORCE DUE TO STATIC WEIGHT OF
ALL WALLS, PARTITIONS, FLOORS, ROOFS &
FINISHES & ALL OTHER PARAMENT
CONSTRUCTION.
 IMPOSED LOAD – LOAD ASSUMED TO BE
PRODUCED BY THE INTEATED USE OF BUILDING,
INCLUDING DISTRIBUTED, CONCENTRATED,
IMPACT, INERTIA AND SNOW.
 WINDLOAD – EFFECTS OF WIND PRESSURE AND
SUCTION.
 SIESMIC FORCES - DURING EARTHQUAKES.
CLASSIFICATION OF FOUNDATION SYSTEM
 Differing ground conditions, proximity of trees, backfilled land,
soil types, proximity of drains, wind speeds, all dictate the form
our foundation work will take.
 FOUNDATION SYSTEMS CAN BE CATOGORIZED IN BASIC 3
CATEGORIES ACCORDING TO THE GEOMETRIC ANALYSIS
OF POINT, LINE AND PLANE.

 POINT SYSTEM:- ISOLATED FOUNDATION

 LINE SYSTEM:- STRIP FOUNDATION

 PLANE SYSTEM:- RAFT FOUNDATION

THIS CHOICE ALSO EFFECT THE POTENTIAL FORM OF THE


SUPERSTRUCTURE.

THIS IS TO UNDERSTAND THE INNOVATIONS IN


FOUNDATION SYSTEMS.
 TYPES OF FOUNDATION:-
 SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS (d<w):
 FOOTINGS(ISOLATED)
 STRIP FOOTINGS
 RAFTS, COMBINED,CANTILEVER,ECENTRIC.
 DEEP FOUNDATIONS (d>w):
 PILE

 SELECTION OF A TYPE
 GENERAL CRITERIA FOR DESIGN OF A FOOTING :
(THICKNESS, WIDTH, PROJECTION)

* STEEL REINFORCEMENT IS REQUIRED WHEN FOOTING


PROJECTS MORE THAN HALF OF FOUNDATION WALL
THICKNESS & BECOME SUBJECT TO BENDING.
* THICKNESS OF CONCRETE SHOULD NOT BE LESS THAN THE
PROJECTION TO AVOID SHEAR FAILURE.
* REINFORCEMENT SHOULD BE PROVIDED IN THE UNDERSIDE
OF THE FOOTING.
FACTORS AFFECTING FOUNDATION :-
* LOAD
* SOIL
* WATER
* FROST
TYPES OF FOUNDATIONS

 ISOLATED FOOTING
 COMBINED FOOTING

 ECCENTRIC FOOTING

 CANTILEVER FOOTING
ISOLATED FOOTING
 ALSO KNOWN AS COLUMN FOOTING.
 IN CASE OF HEAVY LOADED COLUMNS, STEEL
REINFORCEMENT IS PROVIDED IN BOTH THE DIRECTIONS IN
CONCRETE BED.
 THE FOOTING IS REINFORCED BOTH WAYS BY MEANS OF
MILD STEEL RIBBED BARS PLACED AT RIGHT ANGLES TO ONE
ANOTHER AT EQUAL DISTANCES APART.
 GENERALLY, 15cm OFFSET IS PROVIDED ON ALL SIDES OF
CONCRETE BED.
 8 CM THICK LAYER OF PLAIN CEMENT CONCRETE IS
PROVIDED BEFORE REINFORCED CONCRETE FOOTING IS
CONSTRUCTED OVER IT.
 AREAS OF USAGE
 IF A MASONARY WALL IS SUBJECTED TO A VERY HEAVY
LOAD & BEARING CAPACITY OF THE SOIL ON WHICH
FOOTING IS TO REST IS VERY LOW, RCC FOOTING MAY BE
PROVIDED.
ISOLATED FOOTING

SECTION
COMBINED FOOTING
A COMBINED FOOTING SUPPORTS TWO OR MORE COLUMNS IN
A ROW.
TYPES OF COMBINED FOOTING
 RECTANGULAR- USED WHERE BOTH COLUMNS CARRY
EQUAL LOADS.
 TRAPEZOIDAL- USED WHERE BOTH COLUMNS CARRY
UNEQUAL LOADS AS WELL AS THERE ARE SPACE
LIMITATIONS.

 AREA OF USE:
 WHEN THE BASE OF THE COLUMN IS VERY NEAR TO THE SITE
BOUNDARY AND CANNOT SPREAD UNIFORMLY AROUND.
 WHEN FOUNDATIONS OF ADJACENT COLUMNS ARE LINKED
TO RESIST UPLIFT,OVERTURNING OR OPPOSING FORCES.
 AS A SUBSTITUTE TO ECCENTRIC FOOTING.
DESIGN OF FOOTING
 IN THE DESIGN OF FOOTINGS, THE FOOTING IS ASSUMED TO BE
RIGID AND RESTING ON A HOMOGENEOUS SOIL.
AIM
 THE LOCATION OF CENTRE OF GRAVITY OF COLUMN LOADS
AND THE CENTROID OF FOOTING SHOULD COINCIDE SO THAT
UNIFORM PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION TOOK PLACE.

• THE MAXIMUM BENDING


MOMENT IS TAKEN AS THE
DESIGN VALUE FOR THE RCC
FOOTING & SHOULD BE
CHECKED FOR MAXIMUM
SHEAR AND BOND ETC.

COMBINED FOOTING
ECCENTRIC FOOTING
(1) THE FOUNDATION MAY BE SUBJECTED TO ECCENTRIC LOAD
UNDER THE FOLOWING CIRCUMSTANCES;
(A) WHEN A WALL OR COLUMN IS SITUATED AT THE PROPERTY LINE,
ITS FOUNDATION CANNOT BE EXTANDED BEYOND THE
PROPERETY LINE THUS RESULTING ECCENTRIC LOAD ON THE
FOUNDATION
(B) CANTILIVER BALCONIES, BRACKETS, ETC ATTACHED TO THE
WALLS OR COLUMNS BENDING MOMENT IN THEM AND THUS
CAUSE ECCENTRIC LOADING ON THE FOUNDATION
ECCENTRIC LOADS CAUSE UNEVEN
DISTRIBUTION OF PRESSURE ON
THE SOIL BELOW THE FOUNDATION.
IF ECCENTRICITY IS SMALL,
ALTHOUGH DITRIBUTION OF THE
SOIL WILL BE VARYIN, BUT IT WILL
REMAIN COMPRESSIVE. IN THIS CASE,
IT SHOULD BE ENSURED THAT THE
MAXIMUM INTENSITY OF PRESSURE SHOULD NOT BE
MORE THEN THE SAFE BEARING CAPACITY OF SOIL. IF
ECCENTRICITY OF THE LOAD IS QUITE LARGE, IT IS JUST
POSSIBLE THAT WALL OR COLUMN MAY EVEN OVERTURN.
FOLLOWING ARE SOME OF THE METHODS WHICH CAN BE
USED TO ENSURE THE STABLITY OF THE WALL OR
COLUMN WITHOUT ENCROACHING THE AREA BEYOND THE
LIMIT OF PROPERTY LINE.
(2) OFFSETTING THE FOOTING- IN THE CASE OF THE
BOUNDARY WALL, FOOTING IS PROVIDED WITH OFFSET
ON THE INSIDE OF THE WALL ONLY, WHEREAS THE OUTER
FACE IS MAINTAINED FLUSH WITH THE BOUNDARY LINE,
RIGHT UPTO THE BOTTOM OF THE FOUNDATION. THE LINE
OF ACTION OF LOAD WILL BE AWAY FROM THE CENTRE OF
THE FOOTING.
(3) THE PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION IN THIS CASE WILL BE
SUCH THAT MAXIMUM PRESSURE INTENSITY WILL BE AT
THE OUTER FACE A OF THE FOOTING AND MINIMUM AT
THE INNER FACE B OF THE FOOTING.
(4) MASONRY STRUCTURE ARE NEVER ALLOWED TO DEVELOP
TENTION AND AS SUCH, THE WIDTH OF FOOTING IS SO
PROPORTIONED THAT THE C.G. OF THE LOAD REMAINS WITHIN
MIDDLE OF THE BASE OF THE WALL FOOTING SO THAT NO
TENTION IS DEVELOPED ANYWHERE IN THE FOUNDATION. IT IS
ALSO SEEN BY SIDE THAT INTENSITY OF PRESSURE AT POINT A
DOES NOT EXCEED THE SAFE PERMISSIBLE VALUE OF THE SOIL.
(5) BY PROVIDING STRAP FOOTINGS. THE OFFSETTING METHOD
DESCRIBED ABOVE IS APPLICABLE ONLY IN THE CASE OF HARD
SOILS. THIS METHOD IS NOT SUTIABLE WHEN FOUNDATION SOIL
IS SOFT AND LOAD TO BE TRANSMITTED IS HEAVY AS INTENSITY
OF MAXIMUM PRESSURE DEVELOPED BELOW THE FOUNDATION
WILL BE EXCEEDED, THE SAFE BEARING CAPACITY OF THE SOFT
UNDERLYING SOIL. UNDER SUCH CIRCUMSTANCES STRAP BEAM
FOOTING MAY BE ADOPTED.
 IN THIS CASE,LOAD ON THE OUTERCOLUMN SITUATED AT
BOUNDARY LINE IS BALANCED BY THE LOAD ON THEINNER
COLUMN THROUGH A CANTILEVER BEAM ACTING ABOUT A
FULCRUM.
 THIS TYPE OF FOOTING CAN BE CONTRUCTION IN R.C.C.
OR STEEL GRILLAGE. IF INTERIOR COLUMN CANNOT BE
PROVIDED, A HEAVY CONCRERE BLOCK MAY BE
CONSTRUCTED TO NECESSARY LEVERAGE TO SUPPORT
THE LOAD ON THE OUTER WALL.
CANTILEVER FOOTING

 USED WHERE THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE COLUMNS IS SO


GREAT THAT A COMBINED TRAPEZOIDAL FOOTING BECOMES
QUITE NORROW WITH HIGH BENDING MOMENT
 THE STRAP BEAM DOES NOT REMAIN IN CONTACT WITH THE
SOIL;SO A STRAP DOES NOT TRANSFER ANY PRESSURE TO
SOIL HOWEVER,BECAUSE THE STRAP IS INFINITELY
STIFF,HENCE IT SERVES TO TRANSFER COLUMN LOADS ON
TO THE SOIL WITH EQUAL AND UNIFORM SOIL PRESSURE
UNDER BOTH FOOTING

CANTILEVER\STRAP FOOTING
 TYPES OF FOUNDATION FAILURES :
 OVERSTRESSING OF SOIL: IF THE SOIL IS OVERSTRESSED,
IT MAY LEAD TO A SHEAR FAILURE RESULTING IN THE SLIDING
OF THE SOIL ALONG A PLANE OF RUPTURE AND THUS RESULT
IN THE COLLAPSE OF THE STRUCTURE.

 TILTING OF STRUCTURE: IF THE FOUNDATION AREA OF A


STRUCTURE IS SUCH THAT THE CENTRE OF GRAVITY OF THE
LOADS DOES NOT COINCIDE (IN PLAN) WITH THE CENTRE OF
GRAVITY OF THE FOUNDATION AREA THE CONSEQUENT
BEARING ACTION WILL BE NON UNIFORM. AT THE EDGE
CLOSER TO THE CENTRE OF THE GRAVITY OF THE LOADS THE
PRESSURE INTENSITY WILL BE HIGHER RESULTING IN A
GREATER SETTLEMENT OF THE SOIL AT THIS EDGE.

 SETTLEMENT: TO ENSURE UNIFORM SETTLEMENT,IT IS


NECESSARY THAT THE FOUNDATION AREA IS SO PROVIDED,
THE INTENSITY OF SOIL REACTION IS THE SAME UNDER ALL
THE FOOTINGS OF A STRUCTURE.
 DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENT: IN PRACTICE, THERE ARE
VARIOUS POSSIBLE GROUND MOVEMENTS
UNDER THE FOUNDATION OF A BUILDING THAT MAY CAUSE
ONE PART OF THE FOUNDATION TO SETTLE AT A DIFFERENT
RATE AND TO DIFFERENT EXTENT THAN ANOTHER PART OF
FOUNDATION. THIS MUST BE LIMITED TO AVOID DAMAGE TO
SUPER STRUCTURE.SOME STRUCTURAL FORMS
ACCOMMODATE DIFFERENTIAL FOUNDATION MOVEMENT
WITHOUT DAMAGE MORE THAN OTHERS.
E.G. A BRICK WALL CAN ACCOMMODATE LIMITED
DIFFERENTIAL MOVEMENT OF THE FOUNDATION OR THE
STRUCTURE BY SLIGHT MOVEMENT OF THE SMALL BRICK
UNITS & MORTAR JOINTS, WHERE AS A RIGID FRAMED
STRUCTURE CAN’T TO THE SAME EXTENT.
SO, FOUNDATIONS ARE DESIGNED TO LIMIT DIFFERENTIAL
SETTLEMENT.
OVERTURNING OF
SUPERSTRUCTURE

SLIDING OF SUPERSTRUCTURE :
THANK YOU
PRESENTED BY:
 CHAITANYA

 K.V ABHISHEK

 SHIVIKA SINGH

 SHIREEN JAMAL

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