Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
SELECTION OF A TYPE
GENERAL CRITERIA FOR DESIGN OF A FOOTING :
(THICKNESS, WIDTH, PROJECTION)
ISOLATED FOOTING
COMBINED FOOTING
ECCENTRIC FOOTING
CANTILEVER FOOTING
ISOLATED FOOTING
ALSO KNOWN AS COLUMN FOOTING.
IN CASE OF HEAVY LOADED COLUMNS, STEEL
REINFORCEMENT IS PROVIDED IN BOTH THE DIRECTIONS IN
CONCRETE BED.
THE FOOTING IS REINFORCED BOTH WAYS BY MEANS OF
MILD STEEL RIBBED BARS PLACED AT RIGHT ANGLES TO ONE
ANOTHER AT EQUAL DISTANCES APART.
GENERALLY, 15cm OFFSET IS PROVIDED ON ALL SIDES OF
CONCRETE BED.
8 CM THICK LAYER OF PLAIN CEMENT CONCRETE IS
PROVIDED BEFORE REINFORCED CONCRETE FOOTING IS
CONSTRUCTED OVER IT.
AREAS OF USAGE
IF A MASONARY WALL IS SUBJECTED TO A VERY HEAVY
LOAD & BEARING CAPACITY OF THE SOIL ON WHICH
FOOTING IS TO REST IS VERY LOW, RCC FOOTING MAY BE
PROVIDED.
ISOLATED FOOTING
SECTION
COMBINED FOOTING
A COMBINED FOOTING SUPPORTS TWO OR MORE COLUMNS IN
A ROW.
TYPES OF COMBINED FOOTING
RECTANGULAR- USED WHERE BOTH COLUMNS CARRY
EQUAL LOADS.
TRAPEZOIDAL- USED WHERE BOTH COLUMNS CARRY
UNEQUAL LOADS AS WELL AS THERE ARE SPACE
LIMITATIONS.
AREA OF USE:
WHEN THE BASE OF THE COLUMN IS VERY NEAR TO THE SITE
BOUNDARY AND CANNOT SPREAD UNIFORMLY AROUND.
WHEN FOUNDATIONS OF ADJACENT COLUMNS ARE LINKED
TO RESIST UPLIFT,OVERTURNING OR OPPOSING FORCES.
AS A SUBSTITUTE TO ECCENTRIC FOOTING.
DESIGN OF FOOTING
IN THE DESIGN OF FOOTINGS, THE FOOTING IS ASSUMED TO BE
RIGID AND RESTING ON A HOMOGENEOUS SOIL.
AIM
THE LOCATION OF CENTRE OF GRAVITY OF COLUMN LOADS
AND THE CENTROID OF FOOTING SHOULD COINCIDE SO THAT
UNIFORM PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION TOOK PLACE.
COMBINED FOOTING
ECCENTRIC FOOTING
(1) THE FOUNDATION MAY BE SUBJECTED TO ECCENTRIC LOAD
UNDER THE FOLOWING CIRCUMSTANCES;
(A) WHEN A WALL OR COLUMN IS SITUATED AT THE PROPERTY LINE,
ITS FOUNDATION CANNOT BE EXTANDED BEYOND THE
PROPERETY LINE THUS RESULTING ECCENTRIC LOAD ON THE
FOUNDATION
(B) CANTILIVER BALCONIES, BRACKETS, ETC ATTACHED TO THE
WALLS OR COLUMNS BENDING MOMENT IN THEM AND THUS
CAUSE ECCENTRIC LOADING ON THE FOUNDATION
ECCENTRIC LOADS CAUSE UNEVEN
DISTRIBUTION OF PRESSURE ON
THE SOIL BELOW THE FOUNDATION.
IF ECCENTRICITY IS SMALL,
ALTHOUGH DITRIBUTION OF THE
SOIL WILL BE VARYIN, BUT IT WILL
REMAIN COMPRESSIVE. IN THIS CASE,
IT SHOULD BE ENSURED THAT THE
MAXIMUM INTENSITY OF PRESSURE SHOULD NOT BE
MORE THEN THE SAFE BEARING CAPACITY OF SOIL. IF
ECCENTRICITY OF THE LOAD IS QUITE LARGE, IT IS JUST
POSSIBLE THAT WALL OR COLUMN MAY EVEN OVERTURN.
FOLLOWING ARE SOME OF THE METHODS WHICH CAN BE
USED TO ENSURE THE STABLITY OF THE WALL OR
COLUMN WITHOUT ENCROACHING THE AREA BEYOND THE
LIMIT OF PROPERTY LINE.
(2) OFFSETTING THE FOOTING- IN THE CASE OF THE
BOUNDARY WALL, FOOTING IS PROVIDED WITH OFFSET
ON THE INSIDE OF THE WALL ONLY, WHEREAS THE OUTER
FACE IS MAINTAINED FLUSH WITH THE BOUNDARY LINE,
RIGHT UPTO THE BOTTOM OF THE FOUNDATION. THE LINE
OF ACTION OF LOAD WILL BE AWAY FROM THE CENTRE OF
THE FOOTING.
(3) THE PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION IN THIS CASE WILL BE
SUCH THAT MAXIMUM PRESSURE INTENSITY WILL BE AT
THE OUTER FACE A OF THE FOOTING AND MINIMUM AT
THE INNER FACE B OF THE FOOTING.
(4) MASONRY STRUCTURE ARE NEVER ALLOWED TO DEVELOP
TENTION AND AS SUCH, THE WIDTH OF FOOTING IS SO
PROPORTIONED THAT THE C.G. OF THE LOAD REMAINS WITHIN
MIDDLE OF THE BASE OF THE WALL FOOTING SO THAT NO
TENTION IS DEVELOPED ANYWHERE IN THE FOUNDATION. IT IS
ALSO SEEN BY SIDE THAT INTENSITY OF PRESSURE AT POINT A
DOES NOT EXCEED THE SAFE PERMISSIBLE VALUE OF THE SOIL.
(5) BY PROVIDING STRAP FOOTINGS. THE OFFSETTING METHOD
DESCRIBED ABOVE IS APPLICABLE ONLY IN THE CASE OF HARD
SOILS. THIS METHOD IS NOT SUTIABLE WHEN FOUNDATION SOIL
IS SOFT AND LOAD TO BE TRANSMITTED IS HEAVY AS INTENSITY
OF MAXIMUM PRESSURE DEVELOPED BELOW THE FOUNDATION
WILL BE EXCEEDED, THE SAFE BEARING CAPACITY OF THE SOFT
UNDERLYING SOIL. UNDER SUCH CIRCUMSTANCES STRAP BEAM
FOOTING MAY BE ADOPTED.
IN THIS CASE,LOAD ON THE OUTERCOLUMN SITUATED AT
BOUNDARY LINE IS BALANCED BY THE LOAD ON THEINNER
COLUMN THROUGH A CANTILEVER BEAM ACTING ABOUT A
FULCRUM.
THIS TYPE OF FOOTING CAN BE CONTRUCTION IN R.C.C.
OR STEEL GRILLAGE. IF INTERIOR COLUMN CANNOT BE
PROVIDED, A HEAVY CONCRERE BLOCK MAY BE
CONSTRUCTED TO NECESSARY LEVERAGE TO SUPPORT
THE LOAD ON THE OUTER WALL.
CANTILEVER FOOTING
CANTILEVER\STRAP FOOTING
TYPES OF FOUNDATION FAILURES :
OVERSTRESSING OF SOIL: IF THE SOIL IS OVERSTRESSED,
IT MAY LEAD TO A SHEAR FAILURE RESULTING IN THE SLIDING
OF THE SOIL ALONG A PLANE OF RUPTURE AND THUS RESULT
IN THE COLLAPSE OF THE STRUCTURE.
SLIDING OF SUPERSTRUCTURE :
THANK YOU
PRESENTED BY:
CHAITANYA
K.V ABHISHEK
SHIVIKA SINGH
SHIREEN JAMAL