INTRODUCTION TO

ANALOG COMMUNICATIONS

Course objective
At the end of the semester, the
learner will be able to:
Explain the principles of a
communication systems
Discuss the nature of information,
different types of signals involved
and their characteristics
Determine the need of modulation
and differentiate various type of
modulation techniques
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How do you want to send

data/information to someone
who is far from you?

COMMUNICATION OVER LONG DISTANCES IS NO LONGER A

PROBLEM.

Communication : To transfer
information from one place to another
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Communication System History

1837 Samuel Morse invented telegraph.
1858 First telegraph cable across Atlantic
(Canada Ireland)
1876 Alexander Graham Bell invented telephone.
1988 Heinrich Hertz introduce electromagnetic
field theory.
1897 Marconi invented wireless telegraph.
1906 Radio communication system was invented.
1923 Television was invented.
1938 Radar and microwave system was invented
for World War II.
1956 First telephone cable was installed across
Atlantic.
1960 Laser was invented
1962 Satellite communication
1970 Corning Glass invented optical fiber.
1985 Facsimile machine.
1988 Installation of fiber optic cable across
Pacific and Atlantic.
1990 World Wide Web and Digital Communication.
1998 Digital Television.
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The words "tele", "phon", and "graph" are derived from Greek.

Tele means at a distance

Phon means sound or speech
Graph - means writing or drawing

Therefore, telecommunication means communication at a

distance. This can be done through wires called transmission
lines or through atmosphere by a radio link. Other examples
include:

Telephone speaking at a distance

Television seeing at a distance
Telegraph writing at a distance

Basic Communication System

wired / wireless

mtx(t)
Input
Transducer

ptx(t)
Transmitter

prx(t)
Transmission
Medium

s(t)

Receiver

Output
Transducer

r(t)

Noise

s(t)
mtx(t)
ptx(t)
n(t)
prx(t)
mrx(t)
r(t)

mrx(t)

n(t)

Input signal; audio, video, image, data etc.

Modulating signal; input signal that has been converted to electrical signal.
Modulated signal transmit by the transmitter.
Noise signal.
Modulated signal receive by the receiver.
Modulating signal at the receiver.
Output signal.

Component Function in Basic

Communication System

Input Transducer convert input signal, s(t) in electrical forms. eg:

microphone.

Transmitter involve modulation process convert modulating signal, mtx(t)

to modulated signal, ptx(t). And finally transmit the signal.

Transmission medium connecting the transmitter and the receiver that

enable the modulated signal, ptx(t) propagate through the medium.

Receiver receive the modulated signal, prx(t) and then convert the signal to
modulating signal, mrx(t) through the process called demodulation.

Output Transducer convert the modulating signal, mrx(t) to its original

forms (output signal), r(t) that is useful to the users. eg: loud speaker.

Transmission Medium (Guided)

Twisted pair
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)
Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)
Coaxial

Fiber Optic

Waveguide

Coaxial Cable

First type of
networking media
used
Available in
different types (RG6 Cable TV,
RG58/U Thin
Ethernet, RG8
Thick Ethernet
Largely replaced by
twisted pair for
networks

Unshielded Twisted Pair

Advantages
Inexpensive
Easy to terminate
Widely used, tested
Supports many
network types

Disadvantages
Susceptible to
interference
Prone to damage
during installation
Distance
limitations not
understood or
followed

Glass Media

Core of silica, extruded glass or plastic

Single-mode is 0.06 of a micron in diameter

Multimode = 0.5 microns
Cladding can be Kevlar, fibreglass or even steel
Outer coating made from fire-proof plastic

Advantages
Disadvantages
Can be installed over long distances
Provides large amounts of
Most expensive media
to purchase and install
bandwidth
Rigorous guidelines for
Not susceptible to EMI RFI
installation
Can not be easily tapped (secure)

Wireless

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

WHAT IS BASEBAND ?

Data
(nonelectrical)

Electrical
Waveform

Without any shift in the range of frequencies of the signal

The signal is in its
original form, not changed by modulation.
Baseband is the original information that is to be Sent.

Modulation
Based on
the type of
Continuous wave
carrier
wave

Digital
ASK
FSK
PSK,
etc

Based on
the type of
Analog
modulating
signal

Pulse
PAM
PPM
PWM
PCM

Based on the
relationship
Linear
Exponential
between
AM modulating
FM
and
DSB- modulated
PM
SC
signal
SSB
VSB

TYPE OF MODULATION

Amplitude Modulation (AM)

Frequency Modulation (FM)
Phase Modulation (PM)

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TYPE OF MODULATION

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ANALOG AND DIGITAL SIGNAL

The information can be in term of :

Analog form such as Human Voice or Music
Digital form such as binary-coded number.
There are 2 basic type of communication :
Analog Communication
Digital Communication

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Chapter 1
Introduction to Communication Systems

Example of Analog signal is

shown below:

Analog comes in term of

Sinusoid (Sine or Cosine wave)
Analog signals are continuous
electrical signals that vary in

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Analog Signals
Human Voice best example
Ear recognises sounds 20KHz or
less
AM Radio 535KHz to 1605KHz
FM Radio 88MHz to 108MHz

Chapter 1
Introduction to Communication Systems
Example of Digital Signal is shown below:

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Digital signals
Represented by Square Wave
All data represented by binary
values
Single Binary Digit Bit
Transmission of contiguous group of
bits is a bit stream
Not all decimal values can be
represented by binary
1

Analog or Digital
Analog Message: continuous in
amplitude and over time
AM, FM for voice sound
Traditional TV for analog video
First generation cellular phone (analog
mode)
Record player
Digital message: 0 or 1, or discrete
value
VCD, DVD
2G/3G cellular phone
Data on your disk
Your grade
Digital age: why digital communication
will prevail

Chapter 1
Introduction to Communication Systems

WHAT IS FREQUENCY SPECTRUM ?

IT CONSISTS OF ALL FREQUENCIES
CONTAINED IN THE WAVEFORM AND
THEIR RESPECTIVE AMPLITUDE IN THE
FREQUENCY DOMAIN.

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The Bands

ELF

VLF

LF

MF

HF VHF UHF SHF EHF

Radio

Submillimeter
Range

3KHz 30KHz 300KHz 3MHz 30MHz300MHz 3GHz 30GHz 300GHz 3THz

Far
InfraRed

Optical

1500n

1PetaHz

Near
InfraRed

R
e
d

700nm

OY
r e
a l
n l
g o
ew

600nm

G
r
e
e
n

B
l
u
e
500nm

I V
n i
d o
i l
g e
o t

UltravioletX-Ray

400nm

Frequency Spectrum

Ultraviolet
Visible
Infrared

Extra High
Frequency
EHF

Skywave
radio

Super High
Frequency
SHF
Ultra High
Frequency
UHF
Very High
Frequency
VHF

Propagation
modes
Groundwave
radio

High
Frequency
HF
Medium
Frequency
MF
Low
Frequency
LF
Very Low
Frequency
VLF

Laser beam

Twisted Pair
Cable

Frequency
designations
Audio

Transmission
media

Line-of-sight
radio

Optical Fiber
Waveguide
Coaxial Cable

Wavelength
10-6m
1cm
10cm
1m
10m
100m
1km
10km
100km

Telephone
Telegraph

Aeronautical
Submarine cable
Navigation
Transoceanic radio

AM broadcasting

CB radio
Amateur radio

Mobil radio

VHF TV and FM

UHF TV
Mobil and Aeronautical

Broadband PCS
Wireless communication
Cellular, Pager

Satellite-satellite
Microwave relay
Earth-satellite
Radar

Wideband data

Representative
applications

Frequency

1015Hz

1014Hz

1G0Hz

10GHz

1GHz

100MHz

10MHz

1MHz
100kHz

10kHz

1kHz

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convert from frequency (f) to wavelength

where c = speed of
light.

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Chapter 1
Introduction to Communication Systems

WHAT IS BANDWIDTH ?
IT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE
HIGHEST FREQUENCIES AND THE LOWEST
FREQUENCIES OF THE INPUT SIGNAL
FREQUENCIES (fB = 2fm ).
The bandwidth of a communication signal
bandwidth of the information signal.

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Chapter 1
Introduction to Communication Systems

EXAMPLE 1:
If human voice frequencies
contain signals between 300 Hz
and 3000 Hz, a voice frequency
channel should have bandwidth
equal or greater than 2700 Hz.
a
communication
channel
cannot propagate a signal that
contains a frequency that is
changing at a rate greater
than the Channel Bandwidth.
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Transmission Medium

32

PROPAGATION TECHNIQUES
A signal can be propagated in 3
ways:
1. Ground-Wave Propagation
Frequency < 2 MHz
2. Sky-Wave Propagation
Frequency between 2 MHz
and 30 MHz
3. Line-of-Sight Propagation
Frequency > 30 MHz

33

Ground-Wave Propagation

A propagation of radio frequencies are shown below:

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Sky-Wave Propagation

A propagation of radio frequencies are shown below:

35

Line-of-Sight Propagation

A propagation techniques
(continued):

VHF band and up, the propagation tends to straighten out

into line-of-sight(LOS)waves
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Types of Transmission
Simplex
One way transmission
Half-Duplex
Two way transmission but only one user can
transmit the signal at one time.
Full-Duplex
Two way transmission, both users can
transmit the signal at the same time.

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Decibel
decibel is a relative unit of measurement used frequently in
electronic communications to describe power gain or loss
Equation 1 is commonly referred to as the power ratio form
for dB.

(Eq. 1)

(Eq. 3)

(Eq. 2)
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