Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Russell Herman
UNC Wilmington
March 21, 2003
Outline
History
Optical Fibers
Transmission
Communications
Geometric Optics
Reflection
Refraction
Total Internal Reflection
n1 sin 1 n2 sin 2
John Tyndall
1853 Royal Institute talks
1854 needed demo
Faraday suggested demo
Herman Hammesfahr
Glass Blower, American Patent for glass fibers
Glass Fabric - Dresses for 1892 Worlds Fair - $30,000
Not Practical scratched, fibers easily broke
Image Transmission
First Facsimile 1840s
Alexander Graham Bell 1875 Telautograph
Henry C. Saint-Rene
1895 First Bundle of glass rods
Clarence W. Hansell
GE, RCA 300 Patents
1930 Bundling of fibers to transmit images
Heinrich Lamm
Medical Student - Munich
First transmitted fiber optic image - 1930
Light Leakage
Brian OBrien,
Opt. Soc. Am., Rochester
1952
Lawrence E. Curtiss
Undergraduate
1956 First glass-clad fiber, tube+rod
$5500
J. Wilbur Hicks
Image Scramblers at AO => CIA
Wireless Communication
Optical Telegraphs
Semaphores
Bells Photophone
On Bell's Photophone...
http://www.alecbell.org/InventPhotophone.html
"The ordinary man...will find a little difficulty in comprehending how sunbeams are to be used. Does Prof.
Bell intend to connect Boston and Cambridge...with a line of sunbeams hung on telegraph posts, and, if so,
what diameter are the sunbeams to be...?...will it be necessary to insulate them against the weather...?...until
(the public) sees a man going through the streets with a coil of No. 12 sunbeams on his shoulder, and
suspending them from pole to pole, there will be a general feeling that there is something about Prof. Bell's
photophone which places a tremendous strain on human credulity."
New York Times Editorial, 30 August 1880
Source: International Fiber Optics & Communications, June, 1986, p.29
Bandwidth
C.W. Hansell RCA
1920s transatlantic 57 kHz, 5.26 km
1925 20 MHz, 15 m Vacuum Tubes
South America in Daytime lower cost
Telephone Engineers
Higher frequency & multiplexing (24-phone channels)
1939 500 MHz C.W. Hansell
Aimed for TV demands
WWII microwaves passed 1 GHz
Relay Towers 50 mi apart vs Coaxial Cables in 50s
Next?
Alec Harvey Reeves, 1937 ITT Paris/ 1950s STL
digital signals to lessen noise problems
Telepathy?
Shorter Wavelengths Weather problems
Waveguides
Hollow Pipes
BCs
Cutoff Wavelength
100 MHz Wavelength = 3 m => 1.5 waveguide
GHz 10 cm
Bell Circular, hollow, D=5 cm for 60 GHz/5 m 1950
Stewart E Miller
Maxwells Equations
B
E
t
D
H J f
t
D f
B 0
D 0E P
B 0 H M
Wave Equation
E
P
E 0 0 2 0 2
t
t
2
Vaccum -
E ( E) 2 E
2
1
E
2E 2 2
c t
1
0 0
P (r, t ) 0 (1) E
1
v
0
(1 (1) ) 0 n 2 0
Fiber Modes
%(r , )
E
it
E
(
r
,
t
)
e
dt
ei ( k r t )
E: E
or
% n ( ) E
%
0 E
2
c
2
Cylindrical Symmetry
Central Core + Cladding
Normalized Frequency
z (r, ) A( ) F ( )eim ei z
E
V k0 a n12 n22
Radial Equation
2
d 2 F 1 dF
m
[ 2 2 ]F 0
2
d
d
Solutions
2 n 2 k02 2
J m ( ), a
F ( )
K m ( ), a
2 2 n 2 k02
2 2 k02 (n12 n 22 )
n1 n2 0.005, a 4 m 1.2 m
LASERs
Charles H. Townes
Coherent Microwave Oscillator MASER 1951
With Arthur L.Schawlow (Bell Labs) LASER
Theodore Maiman 1960
Hughes Research
Ruby laser
PRL rejected paper!
Ali Javan 1960
1.15 micrometer He-Ne Laser
First gas laser
First continuous beam laser
Later: Bell Labs 633 nm version
Visible, stable, coherent
Other Lasers
Semiconductor Laser 1962
Short endurance at -196 C
Communications problems
Ruby 25 mi could not see
He-Ne 1.6 mi large spread in good weather
PNL
1
P
2 E 2 2 0 2L 0
c t
t
t 2
Isotropic
Nonlinear -
In Silica -
(1) n 2 1
(2) 0
3 (3)
n2 xxx
8n
(1)
%
( ) 1
( )
xx
(n i
Assumptions:
PNL small
Polarization along length scalar
Quasimonochromatic small width
Instantaneous response
Neglect molecular vibrations
3
(3)
%
| E |2
xxxx
4
c 2
) n 2 2nn
2
n n2 | E |2
i
2k0
E%(r, 0 ) F ( x, y ) A( z, 0 )ei0 z
2
2 F 2 F
2
2 [ ( ) k0 ]F 0
2
x
y
2
A%
2i 0
( 02 ) A% 0
z
Amplitude Equation
2
A%
2i 0
( 02 ) A% 0
z
A
i[ ( ) 0 ] A
z
1
( ) 0 1 ( 0 ) 2 ( 0 ) 2 L
2
1
3 d 2n
1
2
vg
2 c 2 d 2
GVD Group Velocity Dispersion
= 0 near 1.27 m
>0 Normal dispersion
<0 Anomalous dispersion (Higher f moves slower)
T t 1 z
A 1 2 A
i
2 2 | A |2 A 0
z 2 T
Optical Solitons
Hasegawa and Tappert 1973
Mollenauer, et. al. 1980
7 ps, 1.2 W, 1.55 mm, single mode 700 m
Optical Losses
Solitons
John Scott Russell 1834
"... I followed it on horseback, and overtook it still
rolling on at a rate of some eight or nine miles per hour,
preserving its original figure some 30 feet long and a
foot to a foot and a half in height." - J.S. Russell
Airy, 50 yr dispute
Rayleigh and Bussinesq 1872
Korteweg and deVries 1895
ut 6uu x u xxx 0
i x
cosh ( 3 t ) 3 e
4 i x
cosh ( t )
2
i
i 1
1 2 i | A | A A
z
t 2
2
t
2
i
3 A
|
A
|
3 3 ia1 (| A |2 A) ia2 A
6
t
t
t
Soliton Perturbation Theory
Coupled NLS
Dark Solitons Normal Dispersion Regime
Raman Pumping
Summary
History
Optical Fibers
Transmission
Communications