Discrete Time Systems

CHAPTER 6
Discrete-Time Systems
CHAPTER 6 : DISCRETE-TIME SYSTEMS
INTRO. TO DISCRETE-TIME SYSTEMS
 The difference equation, the impulse response and the system

function are equivalent characterization of the input/output relation
of a LTI Discrete-time systems.
 LTI system can be modeled using :
1. A Difference/Differential equation, y(n) = x[n] + x[n-1] + …

2. Impulse Response, h(n)
3. Transfer Function, H(z)
 The systems that described by the difference equations can be
represented by structures consisting of an interconnection of the
basic operations of addition, multiplication by a constant or signal
multiplication, delay and advance.
 The Adder, Multiplier, Delay & Advance is shown below:

1. Adder :
2. Multiplier : Modulator:
3. Delay :
4. Advance :
 Consider a first-order causal LTI IIR

digital filter described by
y[n] = -d1y[n-1] + p0x[n] + p1x[n-1]
The block diagram representation is
 Example 1 :
Given an LTI system is described by the
difference equation below:
y(n) – 0.25y(n-1) = 0.5x(n) + 0.5x(n-1)
Draw the block diagram representation

 Time In-variant & Time-variant block diagram :
=> Time-Invariant
=> Time-variant
=> Time-variant
=> Time-variant
 Example 2 :
Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) of DTS can be realized by
the following difference equation & block diagram:
y(n) – ay(n-1) = x(n), a is constant
Draw the block diagram representation.

PRESENTATION OF DISCRETE-TIME SYSTEM
 The implementation of LTI system can be

realized in term of Block Diagram and
Signal Flow Graph.
 The LTI system can be represented in 2
manner :
a. Block Diagram
b. Mathematical Model
 Example of Block diagram is shown below:

 Canonic
– number of delays in the block diagram
representation is equal to the order of the
difference equation
 Noncanonic
– otherwise
 Example 3 :
The difference equation of DTS is given
below:
y[n] = x[n] + 3x[n-1] + 2x[n-2]
draw the block diagram presentation.
SIGNAL FLOW GRAPH PRESENTATION
 A system/filter can be represented pictorially using

a signal flow graph which is a network of a
directed branches that connected at nodes.
 Each nodes has an input and an output with
direction indicated by an arrow head.
 The nodes in the block diagram correspond to
either adders or branch points. Adders correspond
to nodes with more than one incoming branches.
Branch points are nodes with more than one
outgoing branches.
SIGNAL FLOW GRAPH PRESENTATION
 The signal flow of LTI system is shown below:
 There are 2 type of nodes :

1. Source Node – No with no incoming branches and
used for sequence that are input to system or filter.
2. Sink Node – Nodes that have only entering
branches and are used to represent output sequences.
BASIC STRUCTURE FOR SYSTEM/FILTER
 The Transfer Function of LTI system can be connected in

2 ways :
a. Parallel Connection :
The overall transfer function,

H(z) = H1(z) + H2(z) + … + HL(z)
BASIC STRUCTURE FOR SYSTEM/FILTER
 b. Cascade connection :
The overall transfer function :

H(z) = H1(z).H2(z). … HL(z)
BASIC STRUCTURE FOR FIR FILTER
 Direct form
– An FIR filter of order N requires N + 1 multipliers, N
adders and N delays.
– An FIR filter of order 4
y[n] = h[0]x[n] + h[1]x[n-1] + h[2]x[n-2] + h[3]x[n-3]+
h[4]x[n-4]
BASIC STRUCTURE FOR FIR SYSTEM/FILTER
 Cascade form
– Transfer function H(z) of a causal FIR filter of
order N
N
H ( z ) = ∑ h[k ]z − k
k =0
– Factorized form
k
H ( z ) = h[0]∏ (1 + β1k z −1 + β 2 k z − 2 )
k =1
Where k = N/2 if N is even and k = (N + 1)/2 if N is odd,

with β2k = 0
 Cascade form
– FIR structure for a sixth-order FIR filter
 Example 4:
The system of LTI is described by the
following difference equation:
y[n] = 0.9x[n] + x[n-1] + 0.5x[n-2]
– 2.5x[n-3] - 0.2x[n-4]
Draw a structure realization for the system
described by this difference equation.
BASIC STRUCTURE FOR IIR SYSTEM/FILTER
 IIR system/filter can be realized in several

structures:
1. DIRECT FORM I
2. DIRECT FORM II (CANONIC)
3. CASCADE FORM
4. PARALLEL FORM
 Direct Form I
– Consider a third order IIR described by transfer function
P( z ) p0 + p1 z −1 + p3 z −3
H ( z) = =
D( z ) 1 + d1 z −1 + d 3 z −3
– Implement as a cascade of two filter section
Where W ( z)
H1 ( z ) = = P ( z ) = p0 + p1 z −1 + p2 z − 2 + p3 z −3
X ( z)
and Y ( z) 1 1
H 2 ( z) = = =
W ( z ) D( z ) 1 + d1 z −1 + d 2 z − 2 + d 3 z −3
 Resulting in realization indicated below
 Direct Form I
 Direct Form II (Canonic)

– The two top delays can be shared
 Cascade Form
 1 + β 1k z − 1 + β 2 k z −2 
H ( z ) = p0 ∏  −1

−2 
k  1 + α 1k z + α 2 k z 
 A third order transfer function
 1 + β11 z −1  1 + β12 z −1 + β 22 z −2 
H ( z ) = p0  
−1 

−1 
 1 + α11 z  1 + α12 z + α 22 z 
−1
 Cascade Form
 Parallel Form
 γ 0 k + γ 1k z −1

H ( z ) = γ 0 + ∑  
−2 
k  1 + α1k z + α2 k z 
−1
 Parallel Form
 Example 5:
Given the structure of system/filter shown below:
a. What is the type of the structure?

b. Determine the Transfer Function of the system?
c. Compute the first six value of the impulse response
 Example 6:
Determine the Direct Form II, Cascade & Parallel realization of
the following LTI systems:
y(n) - ¼ y(n-1) – 3/8y(n-2) =x(n) + 2x(n-1) + x(n-2)
 Obtain the Transfer Function of the system.

 Draw the filter/system realization.
FINITE PRECISION IMPLEMENTATION OF
DISCRETE-TIME SYSTEM
 Digital implementation of DTS introduces

quantization error to difference equation’s
coefficients
 Non-linearity resulted from inclusion of
quantization errors to DTS model
 Effect of quantization error differs
depending on structure implemented
EFFECT OF QUANTIZATION OF
FILTER COEFFICIENT
 IIR System  FIR System

– Change poles-and- – Only affected the
zeros position zeros position
– Cascade & parallel – Less affected as
form less sensitive errors is linearly
compare to direct related
form structure
EFFECT OF ROUND-OFF NOISE
 Quantization errors is modeled as random white

noise
 Round-off noise is introduced as additional signal
source to system changing nonlinear to linear
operation
 Quantization error minimize by increasing number
of fixed-point word length or by adopting floating-
point representation

Discrete Time Systems

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Discrete Time Systems

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CHAPTER 6

 The difference equation, the impulse response and the system

1. A Difference/Differential equation, y(n) = x[n] + x[n-1] + …

 The Adder, Multiplier, Delay & Advance is shown below:

INTRO. TO DISCRETE-TIME SYSTEMS

INTRO. TO DISCRETE-TIME SYSTEMS

 Consider a first-order causal LTI IIR

INTRO. TO DISCRETE-TIME SYSTEMS

y(n) – 0.25y(n-1) = 0.5x(n) + 0.5x(n-1)

Draw the block diagram representation

INTRO. TO DISCRETE-TIME SYSTEMS

 Time In-variant & Time-variant block diagram :

INTRO. TO DISCRETE-TIME SYSTEMS

Draw the block diagram representation.

 The implementation of LTI system can be

 Example of Block diagram is shown below:

 A system/filter can be represented pictorially using

 The signal flow of LTI system is shown below:

 There are 2 type of nodes :

 The Transfer Function of LTI system can be connected in

The overall transfer function,

The overall transfer function :

Where k = N/2 if N is even and k = (N + 1)/2 if N is odd,

 IIR system/filter can be realized in several

 Direct Form II (Canonic)

a. What is the type of the structure?

y(n) - ¼ y(n-1) – 3/8y(n-2) =x(n) + 2x(n-1) + x(n-2)

 Obtain the Transfer Function of the system.

 Digital implementation of DTS introduces

 IIR System  FIR System

 Quantization errors is modeled as random white

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