CHAPTER 1: MATTER

BY:
SWIFT MULBERRY IN THE MIDDLE OF
(SHERWIN MORALES AMID)

MATTER
Anything that occupies space and has a mass.

TWO GENERAL PROPERTIES

Intrinsic

Extrinsic

is a property that
depends on the kind or
quality of the material.
also known as the "
Intensive Physical
Property".

is a property that
depends on the
amount or quantity of
the material.
also known as the
"Extensive Physical
Property".

PURE SUBSTANCE
Kind of matter possessing a definite,
fixed and unvarying composition
May either be an element or a
compound
Matter that has a fixed (constant)
composition and unique properties.
Contains only 1 type element or
compound; homogeneous
Can be classified into metal,
non-metal, metalloids

ELEMENTS

Simplest form of substance that cannot

be decomposed by simple chemical
means
Possess either a positive or a negative
charge
Has only 1 type of atom

CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENT
Metals elements characterized by there brilliant
luster, ductility, malleability, and are good conductors
of heat and electricity
Non-Metals - elements which are generally light
without brilliant luster, brittle, and are poor conductor
of heat and electricity
Metalloids elements which possesses the
characteristics of metal and non - metals

COMPOUNDS
Are substances whose molecules are made
up of two or more kinds of atoms combined
in a definite proportions.
They can be split into two or more simpler
substances by chemical means only
2 or more CHEMICALLY combined elements
(not easily separated from each other) ex:
water, CO2
Chemical compounds are formed by the
joining of two or more atoms. A stable
compound occurs when the total energy of
the combination has lower energy than the
separated atoms.

CHEMICAL BONDING
Covalent bond: bond in which one or more pairs of electrons
are shared by two atoms.
Ionic bond: bond in which one or more electrons from one
atom are removed and attached to another atom, resulting in
positive and negative ions which attract each other.
Metallic Bonds: formed by the interaction between elements
which are metallic but the resulting compound behaves just
like an ordinary metal.

KINDS OF COMPOUND
Organic Compound

Those compounds containing carbon atom in their molecules except

oxides, cyanides, carbonates and bicarbonates.

Inorganic Compound

Those compounds containing the other elements and a few containing

carbon and its salts.

MATTER
No

Is it uniform
throughout?

Heterogeneous
mixture

Homogeneous
No

Can it be separated
by physical means?

Pure Substance
No

Can it be decomposed
into other substance by
a chemical process?

Element

Yes

yes

yes

Homogeneous
Mixture (solution)

Compound

MIXTURES
A mixture consists of two or more substances (elements
and/or compounds) that are physically intermingled.
AMIXTUREis a combination of two or more substances that
are not chemically united and do not exist in fixed proportions
to each other. Most natural substances are mixtures.
Amixtureis a substance made by combining two or more
different materials in such a way that no chemical reaction
occurs. Amixturecan usually be separated back into its
original components. Some examples ofmixturesare a
tossed salad, salt water and a mixed bag of M&M's candy.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN COMPOUNDS AND

MIXTUREMixtures
Compounds
Components may be present in any
proportion

Always have a definite composition by

weight

It is prepared with no evidence of any

chemical reaction taking place

Preparation shows evidence of chemical

action taking place

Components do not lose identity

Components loose identity and property

Components may be separated by

mechanical means

Constituents can be separated by chemical

means

Composed of two or more substances that

are not chemically combines

Composed of two or more substances that

are chemically combines

TYPES OF MIXTURES
HOMOGENEOUS
MIXTURES

HETEROGENEOUS
MIXTURES

The prefixes "homo"- indicate sameness

A homogeneous mixture has the same uniform appearance and

composition throughout. Many homogeneous mixtures are commonly
referred to as solutions.

The prefixes:"hetero"- indicate difference.

A heterogeneous mixture consists of visibly different substances or

phases.

HOMOGENEUS MIXTURES

Homogeneous mixtures : is a mixture in which

the components are evenly distributed among
each other. You cant see the component parts.
Homo means the same throughout.
It has a constant composition throughout.
Homogenous mixtures are also
called SOLUTIONS

Examples: Salt dissolved in water,

sugar dissolved in water, apple
juice, tea, copper (II) sulfate
solution in water, alloys....

SOLUTIONS
A solution is a mixture of two or more
substances in a single phase. At least
two substances must be mixed in order
to have a solution. The substance in
the smallest amount and the one that
dissolves or disperses is called the
SOLUTE. The substance in the larger
amount is called the SOLVENT. In most
common instances water is the
solvent. The gases, liquids, or solids
dissolved in water are the solutes.

SOLUTIONS
Well-mixed (uniform)
single phase
homogeneous
transparent
cannot be separated
by filter
do not separate on
standing

TYPES OF SOLUTIONS
TYPE

EXAMPLE

SOLUTE

SOLVENT

Gas in gas

Air

Oxygen (gas)

Nitrogen (gas)

Gas in liquid

Soda water

CO2 (gas)

Water(liquid)

Liquidin liquid

Vinegar

Aceticacid(liquid)

Water(liquid)

Solidin liquid

Seawater

Salt (solid)

Water(liquid)

Liquidin solid

Dental amalgam

Mercury (liquid)

Silver(solid)

Solidin solid

Brass

Zinc(solid)

Copper(solid)

HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURES

Heterogeneous mixture : the components are not

evenly distributed among each other. An
heterogeneous mixture has two or more distinct
phases that are usually detectable. This type of
mixture does NOT have uniform properties.
Heterogeneous mixtures that look like solutions
can be distinguished because
they scatter light
(Tyndall effect).
Examples: Sand water,
oil and water, milk,
sulfur and iron, granite,
blood...

Colloids

non transparent, non uniform, large particles, cloudy (milky)

but stable system

SUSPENSIONS

A suspension of liquid droplets or fine solid particles

in a gas is called an aerosol. In the atmosphere
these consist of fine dust and soot particles, and
cloud droplets.
suspension: system does not stays stable and settle
Examples of Suspensions
Mud or muddy water, is where soil, clay, or silt particles are
suspended in water.
Flour suspended in water, as pictured to the right.
Paint
Chalk powder suspended in water.
Dust particles suspended in air.
Algae in water

Tyndall effect:
You can see the light passes
through a colloid or suspension.
(particles scatter light.)

emulsion: a mixture of immiscible substances

(liquid-liquid).
like milk and mayonnaise

Suspensions like coffee are easily

filtered to take out the tiny solid
clumps floating in the liquid.

In colloids and many homogeneous mixtures

have clumps that are so small they pass
through most filters.

CHANGES OF MATTER
Physical

Physical Change: Change in which the matter's physical appearance is

altered, but composition remains unchanged. (Change in state of
matter)

Chemical

Chemical Change:Change in which one or more kinds of matter

aretransformed to new kinds of matter with altered compositions (or
Chemical Reaction).

SOLIDS
Solids have definite
shape and definite
volume.
Solids have mass.
Solids take up space.

Read more!

PARTICLES IN SOLIDS:
Are packed tightly
together
Have very little
energy
Vibrate in place

LIQUIDS
Liquids take the
shape of their
container and have
definite volume.
Liquids have mass.
Liquids take up space.

Read more!

PARTICLES IN LIQUIDS:
Are loosely packed
Have medium energy
levels
Particles flow around
each other

GASES
Gases spread out
to fill the entire
space given and
do not have
definite volume.
Gases have mass.
Gases take up
space.
Read more!

PARTICLES IN GASES:

Move freely
Have LOTS of energy

PLASMA
Lightning is a
plasma.
Used in fluorescent
light bulbs and Neon
lights.
Plasma is a lot like a
gas, but the particles
are electrically
charged.
Read more!

PARTICLES IN PLASMA:

Are electrically charged

Have EXTREMELY high
energy levels

STATES OF MATTER?

What would it take for matter to move

from one state to another?

ENERGY DETERMINES THE STATE!

ADD OR SUBTRACT ENERGY. . .

When energy is added, particles move faster!

When energy is taken away, particles move slower!

WHAT WILL HAPPEN? WHY?

SOLID + ENERGY = ?

When energy is added to

solids, they become
liquids!
Examples?

LIQUID + ENERGY = ?
When energy is added to
liquids, they become
gases!
What examples can you
think of?

CHANGING STATES
There are several names for matter changing states:

State change
Phase change
Physical change

CHANGES IN STATE
Solid to liquid:melting
Liquid to solid:freezing
Liquid to gas:evaporation
Gas to liquid:condensation
Gas to solid:deposition
Solid to gas:sublimation
Aplasmais simply a gas that has been
completely ionized, so that there is a mixture
of positive ions and electrons

LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS

In a chemical reaction, matter is neither created nor destroyed.
Atoms wont change their identity (e.g. a Carbon atom cant become an Iron atom)
This means that you have to have the same number of each type of atom on each
side of the chemical equation.

LAWS OF
DEFINITE
& MULTIPLE
PROPORTIONS

LAW OF DEFINITE PROPORTIONS

A compound is always composed
of the same elements in the
same proportion by mass
Use percent mass to calculate
proportion of each element

% MASS
(AKA % COMPOSITION)

Mass of element * 100 = % element

mass of compound
must have as many percents as you have
elements
%s should total 100 (appx)

Example #1
A 20.00 g sample of sugar was
analyzed by mass. 8.44g was
carbon, 1.30g was hydrogen, and
the rest was oxygen. Determine
its percent composition.

Example #1 - A 20.00 g sample of sugar was analyzed by mass. 8.44g was

carbon, 1.30g was hydrogen, and the rest was oxygen. Determine its
percent composition.

% C = 8.44g
20.00g

*100

= 42.20%

% H = 1.30g
20.00g

*100

= 6.50%

Example #1 - A 20.00 g sample of sugar was analyzed by mass. 8.44g was

carbon, 1.30g was hydrogen, and the rest was oxygen. Determine its
percent composition.

20.00
8.44
- 1.30
10.26 g of O
% O = 10.26 g *100
20.00 g

= 51.30%

Since the Law of Definite Proportions

states that a compound is always
composed of the same elements in
the same proportion by mass:

This sugar compound is always

42.20% carbon, 6.50 %
hydrogen, and 51.30% oxygen,
regardless of the sample size.

ACTIVITY NUMBER 1

LAW OF MULTIPLE PROPORTIONS

The masses of one element which
combine with a fixed mass of the
second element are in a ratio of
simple whole numbers.
This is the third postulate of
Dalton's atomic theory.

Use ratios of mass of element 1 to mass

of element 2; then compare the mass
ratios.

Example: Two different

compounds are formed by the
elements carbon and oxygen. The
first compound contains 42.9%
carbon and 57.1% oxygen. The
second compound contains
27.3% carbon and 72.7% oxygen.
Show that this is consistent with
the Law of Multiple Proportions.

Since you are given %s and you need

grams, ASSUME that you have 100 g
samples of each cmpd.
(100 is chosen to make calculations
easier with %s)

Therefore, in 100 g of the first

compound, there are 57.1 g O and
42.9 g C.
The mass of O per gram C is:
57.1 g O
42.9 g C

= 1.33 g O
gC

In 100 g of the second compound,

there are 72.7 g O and 27.3 g C.
The mass of O per gram C is:
72.7 g O
27.3 g C

= 2.66 g O
gC

Compare the ratios of O to C in

cmpd 2 to cmpd 1 (hint: easier to
put larger value in numerator)
The mass of O per gram C is:
2.66 g O / g C
1.33 g O / g C

=2

This simple whole-number ratio

means that the masses of oxygen
that combine with carbon are in a
2:1 ratio.
The whole-number ratio is
consistent with the Law of Multiple
Proportions.