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Testing of Medium Voltage Cables
Test of Cable installations

Purposeof
ofthe
theTest:
Test:
Purpose
Tofind
findexisting
existingfault
faultspots
spotswhich
whichare
arecritical
criticalfor
foraafurther
furthersafe
safeoperation
operation
To
andto
tobreak
breakthem
themdown
downwithout
withoutany
anyadditional
additionalnegative
negativeinfluence
influenceon
onthe
the
and
qualityor
orageing
ageingof
ofthe
thegood
goodparts
partsof
ofthe
thecable!
cable!
quality
Questioning:
Questioning:
1. Is the test procedure non destructive and reduces the cable failures in operation ?
2. Does the technology permits it to shift the possible breakdown of a cable into an uncritical
time window ?
3. How small is the possibility for a breakdown of a successful tested cable after the test,
eventual required repair of local weak spots included
4. Will the selected amplitude, duration, frequency and voltage cause a reliable and controlled
breakdown of any critical fault spot during the test ?
What causes Cable Faults ?

Mechanical Influences
Humidity from Sheath faults
Material Fauts
Corrosion of the screen
Ageing if the border layer and the
outer semiconductor
Structural Changes
Generation of tree structures
Electrochemical Changes of
the inner senmiconductor
Mechanical Stress and contact
corrosion at the conductor
What is a voltage test?
Test on insulation breakdown or high leakage current

Test voltage level is above the normal operating voltage
U test > U o
Note:
The operating voltage Uo is the phase to ground voltage
Uo =
U Ph-Ph
3
Voltage test
What is a usable or typical voltage form testing different objects?
testable object:
testable object:
testable object:
PE / PVC - Cablesheet
PE / VPE - Mittelspannungskabel
Substation
PILC segments
PILC-segments
DCvoltage
0,1 Hz VLF
Cosine
squarewave
specimen with low

capacitance
50 or 60 Hz
AC testvoltage
Existing Test Methods in the Field ?

- DC
- 50/60 Hz AC
- Resonance Frequency
- VLF Sine
- Oscillating Voltages
- VLF Cosine Square Wave
D ia g n o s tic m e th o d s
T e s tin g m e th o d s
in te g r a l
Local
P a r tia l d is c h a r g e IR C
ta n
50 H z
2 0 -3 0 0 H z
0 ,1 H z
M e a s u r in g M a p p in g
W eak spot
C a b le jo in t
H o m o g e n io u s a g e d
C a b le s e g m e n t
Source: F. Schreiter, W. Schufft, TU Chemnitz, Germany
C a b le e n d
T e r m in a tio n
o s z il.
Im p u ls
Diagnosis and testing of PE/XLPE - cable
Cable A: Slightly damaged
Cable B: Heavily water tree damaged

1. In both cables VLF test leads to flash over; no differentiation possible
2. Evaluation of damage is possible only by means of dielectric diagnostics
Effects in the media
PILC - Cable
PE/XLPE - Cable
Oil transformers
- Water in the cable
- Watertrees
- chemical changings of the oil
- Aging of PE
- Water in the oil and in the

isolator
- decomposition of the paper
- Sheath faults
- driing out
- water in the joints
- Corrosion of holds in the lead

sheath
- water in the cable
- chemical changing
- methal- and sootparticals in the
oil
Internationally discussed Test Procedures, without EPR
Insulation
PE / XLPE
PE / XLPE
PE / XLPE
PE / XLPE
Procedure
VLF-cos-sq.
VLF-sine
VLF-sine
Resonance, OV
Voltage Type
0.1 Hz AC
0.1 Hz AC
0.1 - 0.01 Hz AC
30 300 Hz AC
Voltage Level
1,7- 4,2 x Uo,RMS
1,7- 4,2 x Uo,RMS
1,7- ? x Uo,RMS
2- ? x Uo,RMS
Duration
15-60 min
15-60 min
15-? min
30-? min
Paper, PVC
Paper, PVC
Paper, PVC
Paper, PVC
DC
VLF-cos-sq.
VLF-sine
Resonance, OV
DC
0.1 Hz AC
0.1 Hz AC
30 300 Hz AC
5.6 - 8 x Uo
3 4,2 x Uo,RMS
3 4,2 x Uo,RMS
2 -? x Uo,RMS
15 30 min
30 min
30 min
30 min
Aktual Test Procedures acc to VDE 0276:

Test of Energy distribution cables with extruded Insulation for nominal
voltages U0 / U 3,6 / 6 kV to 20,8 / 36 kV part 620:
Test
Voltage
Series
Test Level
Test
Duration
AC 45-65 Hz
6 / 10 kV
12/20 kV
18/30 kV
12 kV
24 kV
36 kV
60 min
VLF 0.1 Hz
6 / 10 kV
12/20 kV
18/30 kV
18 kV
36 kV
54 kV
60 min
Energy distribution cables with impregnated insulation for

medium voltages acc to part 621
Test Voltage
Series
Test Level
RMS
Test Duration
DC
6 / 10 kV
12/20 kV
18/30 kV
34 - 48 kV
67 - 96 kV
76 -108 kV
30 min
AC 45-65 Hz
6 / 10 kV
12/20 kV
18/30 kV
12 kV
24 kV
36 kV
30 min
VLF 0.1 Hz
6 / 10 kV
12/20 kV
18/30 kV
18 kV
36 kV
54 kV
30 min
For mixed cables AC and VLF

VLF 0,1 Hz Duration 60 min ac to experiences
60 min
DC-Test Technologies are not suitable

for XLPE Cables, because:
Existing fault spots under DC pressure testing may be broken
down after the application of relatively high voltages for several
hours. This procedure causes damage and accelerated ageing
to undamaged segments of the cable.
The long lasting exposure to the high voltage causes residual
space charges, which can be considered like RC components
with a time constant of several hours up to days.
These space charges decline very slowly.
Resulting they can multiply with the electrical
fields of the normal AC operating voltage after re-energisation
and cause an uncontrolled breakdown in operation.
Effect of Space Charges
The negative DC test voltage injects electrons into dielectric and builds up
space charge around the defect. After testing, every positive wave of the
nominal AC voltage causes large voltage gradients between the defect and
its negative residual space charge.
The cable can be damaged by an uncontrolled breakdown.
AC Testing with 50Hz;

Resonance Frequency 20...300Hz
Testing with operating frequency is certainly the most effective
test method. The polarity change with operation frequency causes
a fast growth of faults. This positive behaviour has a disadvantage,
since it causes a fast rising gas pressure inside the fault void,
reducing the overall growth rate and causing the generation
of bush like trees.
AC and Resonance Systems are due to the extremely high reactive
load very large, heavy and expensive and require a high energy.
Their use for the medium voltage net is accordingly limited.
Resonance Systems are specified up to 300 Hz, in the practical
application their frequency is more in the range of 30 Hz and
following not in the operation frequency range.
VLF Testing with 0.1; 0.05 and 0.02 Hz

Some manufacturers offer frequencies of 0.05, 0,02 and 0.01 Hz
This is only to compensate for the described lack of test power.
It is marketed as an advantage by combining these frequencies
with a high testable cable capacity.
There is not scientific base for the application of these frequencies.
Existing research activities show, the these frequencies are rather
useless for a reliable test.
The reduction of the frequency causes in the most positive view
an proportional increase of the test duration, extending the time
to several hours.
Why 0,1 VLF Hz Cosine Square Wave?

The Seba KMT 0,1 VLF Hz Cosine Square Wave
Technology is momentarily the only existing Technology
on the market which provides a test
- With operational Frequency,
- With Leakage Current Measurement,
- Cable Preserving,
- With Low Energy Consumption,
- With Low Weight and Dimensions,
but still
- With high Test Power
for all Cable types, also mixed installation, Joints/Splices
and Terminations including Switch gear.
The 0,1 Hz VLF Cosine Square Wave

Die 0,1 Hz VLF Cosine Square Wave
Technology is since almost 20
Years in the practical field application and has
proven its quality, reliability and diversity in many
scientific investigations as well as in practical
field trials.
This was clearly supported by the integration of the
0,1 Hz VLF Technology into the VDE 0276 - 620 / 621
as recommended Test Voltage Technology !
1984 - 2002
Bush like growing of an electrical tree

during a 50 Hz test
Electrical tree after the 0,1 Hz VLF test cycle
10 kV XLPE -cable
Tree growing velocity as function of
1000
0.1 Hz sin
0.1 Hz cos
50 Hz sin
0.01 Hz sin
100
test voltage for four different testing

sequences
Growth speed in mm/h
10
1
Test Voltage U / Uo
0,1
1
Researches show that the growth velocity of electrical tree voids with 0,01
Hz is appr. 10x slower as a comparable 0,1 Hz test at the same test voltage
level
PD inception voltage at different test sequences normed

2 .5
N e e d le
w t-d a m a g e
2
1 .5
0 .5
50 HzS in u s
0 .1 H z C o s in u s 2
0 .1 H z S in u s
O s c illa t in g
v o lt a g e s
At 50 Hz operation frequency the measurable PD inception voltage Ue is the

lowest for artificial needle faults, as for WT ageing
Low electrical field stress of an unaged cable insulation.

Reliable detection of weak spots in the insulation.
300
250
250
k
V
200
%
200
Without faults
o With faults
150
150
100
100
50
50
0
0,01
Ratio
0,1
10
100
1000
Hz
0
10000
Breakdown voltage of cable samples with and without fault spots at

different frequencies. E. Gockenbach, Schering-Institut
Inverse Power Law [7]
E t const
n
n: Insulation condition XLPE (n app. 5 for water trees, n app.10 at good

insulation, Model Cable)
E: Medium Field strength at insulation
t: Duration of the Field influence
Fequency dependency at model cables [8]
U BD ~ log(C f
Results of Voltage tests with different frequencies cannot be compared, without

adjustment of voltage level and duration.
If for 0,1 Hz and intact insulation the according standing voltage

[Ordinate in %] is twice as hight as for 50 Hz, than this is less
pre damage at 0,1 Hz. Resulting the consumption of lifetime at
0,1 Hz is the lowest.
300
%
Needle - Plate
250
Without faults
Mechanical Damage
200
Water trees
150
100
50
0
0,1 Hz
50 Hz
250 Hz
OSI
Similar to the 50 Hz Operation voltage the change over of

the 0,1 Hz Cosine Square Wave Voltage from one polarity
happens very fast. The fast changing slope provides a fast
changing of a water tree into an electrical tree.
kV
+ 60
+ 50
+ 40
+ 30
+ 20
+ 10
+/- 0
- 10
- 20
- 30
- 40
- 50
- 60
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
ms
A significant difference of the sinusoidal test voltage in comparison to the

0,1 Hz Cosine Square Wave Voltage is the 1,4 times higher load to the cable
insulation, joints, terminations etc.
Test voltage levels as stated in VDE or other standards are in RMS
Test Voltage
[kV]
80
70
+50
63kV
U p e ff= 3 U
- 70
U p m ax=
Recharge
P r fs p a n n u n g U p
[k V ]
2 3 U 0 = 4 ,2 U 0
- 50
- 63
10
15
20
s
Time
70kV
- 80
a) VLF Wave form
63kV
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 ms
70kV
70kV
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 ms
b) Change-over slopes
expanded view
63kV
10
15
20
t[s ]
PEAK
Comparison
0,1 Hz
Sine
0,1 Hz
Sine
RMS
0,1 Hz
Cosine
Rectangular
Power
Frequency 60 Hz
Comparison
Timebase
10 sec
Comparison
Timebase
5 sec
Comparison
Timebase
2,5 sec
Comparison
60 Cycles
Timebase
1,2 sec
Comparison
Timebase
600 msec
Comparison
Timebase
300 msec
Comparison
Timebase
170 msec
Comparison
Timebase
100 msec
Comparison
Timebase
50 msec
Comparison
5 sec
PEAK
0,1 Hz
Sine
Power
Frequency
RMS
2 - 8 msec
5 sec
VLF Cosine Square Wave
Comparison
VLF Sinusoidal
Field load if the dielectric dU/dt during the

phase change is /500 of the nominal load
No measurement of Leakage Current
possible
High energy consumption
Field load if the dielectric dU/dt is

comparable to the nominal load
The period has an ending point
Measurement of leakage current
Efficient power use. 1/10 of a VLF
Sinusoidal Test Set
No waste of energy but recycling !
Charge / Discharge Phase
U eff U Peak / 2
URMS = UPeak
V
VLF U(RMS)
Sinus U(RMS)
VLF- Sinusoidal
Voltage Shape

Voltage Shape
The experience shows:
10sec
Almost all breakdowns appear

during the polarity change
Comparison
VLF Sinusoidal
URMS = UPeak
URMS = UPeak /
V
VLF U(RMS)
Sinus U (RMS)
VLF- Sinusoidal
Voltage Shape

Voltage Shape
10sec
The technical usability for on spot testing of Plastic or paper

insulated cables is very high, since size, weight and power
requirements are comparatively low.
Power requirements of the different

test methods
System 30 kV
20
18
Cable capacity 5 F
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
VLF 0.1 Hz Cosin Square
Wave
Voltage
VLF 0.1 Hz - resonance
30 ... 300 Hz
Sine wave
Comparison
Comparison
VLF Cosine Square Wave - Trapezium Wave
The area correspond to

URMS !!
Dortmunder Energie und Wasser Experience Report 1987 - 1998

Breakdowns during the test
100
80
91
60
40
29
20
0
Breakdowns
per 100 km
Plastic (2149 km)
4.2
Paper (999 km)
2.9

Breakdowns over the test time
150
100
50
0
0-10 min
10-20 min
20-30 min
30-40min
40-50 min
50-60 min
66 % of the breakdowns during the first 10 minutes

75 % of the breakdowns during the first 30 minutes
The experience shows that the VLF voltage test does not cause new faults in
service aged cables and their equipment and the time when it came to breakdown
during test.
Transition joint
XLPE Joint
Paper Joint
Paper
NAHKBA
0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60

min min min min min min
Paper NAKBA
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
XLPE
Analysis of faults

The breakdown properties of plastic insulated and paper insulated
cables is comparable. 70 % of all faults come to breakdown within
the first 30 minutes, most of them (63 %) within the first 10 minutes.
Despite of the lower VLF test voltage in comparison to the DC test
voltage faults in paper insulated cables come to breakdown within short
time, so that this voltage test is well suited for paper insulated cables
Existing water trees in the XLPE insulation in a significant number of cases
lead to breakdown only shortly before the completion of the one hour test
time. That means that the test duration of one hour is correct.
Voltage test instruments and -systems

VLF 54, 70, 114 kV
AC - Test System with 50 Hz
DC - High voltage test instruments and -systems

HV Test Set
400 / 650 / 850 kV
T 26 / 1 A,B,C
HV Tester 25 kV
HV Test Set
50 / 80 / 110 kV
HV Tester 40 kV
T 99 / 1
High Power 60 kV VLF for ConEdison New York
Portable 0,1 Hz VLF Test System 27 kV
Wave Shape
Test Voltage VLF
Testable Capacity
Cosinus Square
Wave
0...27 kV / 0,1 Hz
5 F / 0... 27 kV
Operational Temperature
Supply
o
-20o C ... +40
C
230 V, 50 / 60 Hz
115 V, 50 / 60 Hz
Dimensions (L x W x H) 520 x 600 x 300 mm

< 50 kg, portable
Weight
View of the VLF test system 60, Setup and Operation
VLF test system 40 kV
VLF test system 60 kV
22 kV
35 kV
max. testable line

voltage according
to HD 620S1
Type
Basis
Plus
Basis
Plus
max. Test Capacity

@ max. Test Voltage
(RMS) with 0,1 Hz
2,2 F
4,4 F
0,8 F
1,5 F
3 km
5,5 km
4 km
7,5 km
max. Test lengths

33-kV-XLPE-Cable
with Up = 57 kV;
A = 500 mm
max. Test lengths
33-kV-XLPE-Cable
with Up = 57 kV;
A = 240 mm
max. Test lengths
22-kV-XLPE-Cable
with Up = 38 kV;
A = 500 mm
max. Test lengths
22-kV-XLPE-Cable
with Up = 38 kV;
A = 240 mm
6 km
12 km
5,5 km
9 km
8 km
16 km
7 km
13 km
Testable cable lengths
VLF Type
VLF Test System

60kV - Plus
VLF Test System
60kV - Basis
Line Voltage 35 kV
VLF Test System

40kV - Plus
Line Voltage 22 kV
VLF Test System

40kV - Basis
0
10
12
Cable lengths in km (240qm m )
14
16
I(mA) Leak / time

0,9
0,8
Leakcurrent
0,7
0,6
0,5
I(mA) Leak
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0
0
2000
4000
Time
6000
8000
Feeder 6kV:
3,5 F
3 phase
30kV
60min
Test Ok
Protocolling
Pre-setting of Test Time

Pre-setting of Test Voltage
Automatic setting of Test Parameters
Readable via PC Adapter and

comfortable Windows Software
Servic
eC
ar d
Parameters
Protok
oll
Card
Automatic Recording of
Leakage Current and Test Parameters
Protocol of Date and Time,
Test Result
Recommendations for the VLF Test Voltage levels

at new installed and aged Cable installations
Test Voltage level at new installed cables
Test Level:
3 x Uo
Test Time:
60 min
Test Voltage level for aged installed cables

Test Level :
1,7 ... 3 x Uo
Test Time :
60 min
After the test the cable should be earthed for a short time .

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SEMINAR POWER NETWORKS

Testing of Medium Voltage Cables

SEMINAR POWER NETWORKS

Test of Cable installations

SEMINAR POWER NETWORKS

What causes Cable Faults ?

SEMINAR POWER NETWORKS

What is a voltage test?

Test on insulation breakdown or high leakage current

SEMINAR POWER NETWORKS

specimen with low

SEMINAR POWER NETWORKS

Existing Test Methods in the Field ?

SEMINAR POWER NETWORKS

Source: F. Schreiter, W. Schufft, TU Chemnitz, Germany

SEMINAR POWER NETWORKS

Diagnosis and testing of PE/XLPE - cable

Cable A: Slightly damaged

Cable B: Heavily water tree damaged

SEMINAR POWER NETWORKS

Effects in the media

- Water in the cable

- chemical changings of the oil

- Water in the oil and in the

- decomposition of the paper

- water in the joints

- Corrosion of holds in the lead

- water in the cable

SEMINAR POWER NETWORKS

Internationally discussed Test Procedures, without EPR

SEMINAR POWER NETWORKS

Aktual Test Procedures acc to VDE 0276:

SEMINAR POWER NETWORKS

Energy distribution cables with impregnated insulation for

For mixed cables AC and VLF

SEMINAR POWER NETWORKS

DC-Test Technologies are not suitable

SEMINAR POWER NETWORKS

Effect of Space Charges

SEMINAR POWER NETWORKS

AC Testing with 50Hz;

SEMINAR POWER NETWORKS

VLF Testing with 0.1; 0.05 and 0.02 Hz

SEMINAR POWER NETWORKS

Why 0,1 VLF Hz Cosine Square Wave?

SEMINAR POWER NETWORKS

The 0,1 Hz VLF Cosine Square Wave

SEMINAR POWER NETWORKS

Bush like growing of an electrical tree

SEMINAR POWER NETWORKS

Electrical tree after the 0,1 Hz VLF test cycle

SEMINAR POWER NETWORKS

Tree growing velocity as function of

test voltage for four different testing

Growth speed in mm/h

SEMINAR POWER NETWORKS

PD inception voltage at different test sequences normed

At 50 Hz operation frequency the measurable PD inception voltage Ue is the

SEMINAR POWER NETWORKS

Low electrical field stress of an unaged cable insulation.

Breakdown voltage of cable samples with and without fault spots at

SEMINAR POWER NETWORKS

Inverse Power Law [7]

n: Insulation condition XLPE (n app. 5 for water trees, n app.10 at good