-Adamson university-

Metallurgy is applied to electrical and

electronic materials where as metals
such as aluminum, copper, tin and gold
are used in power lines, wires, printed
circuit boards and integrated circuits.
Soldering is a method of joining metallic
electrical conductors where high
strength is not required.

-Adamson university-

Common engineering metals include

aluminium, chromium, copper, iron,
magnesium, nickel, titanium and zinc. These
are most often used as alloys. Much effort
has been placed on understanding the ironcarbon alloy system, which includes steels
and cast irons. Plain carbon steels are used
in low cost, high strength applications where
weight and corrosion are not a problem. Cast
irons, including ductile iron. are also part of
the iron-carbon system.

-Adamson university-

automotive (brake pads, gear parts,

connecting rods, planetary carriers, sintered
engine bearings);
aerospace (light weight aluminum base
structural materials, high temperature
composite materials);
cutting tools (hard metals, diamond
containing materials);
medicine (dental implants, surgical
instruments);
-Adamson university-

electrical, electronic and computer parts

(appliances, integrated circuits, permanent
magnets and electrical contacts,).
transportation (cars, ships and airplanes);
industry (building structures and construction
bridges);
Music (instruments);
abrasives (grinding and polishing wheels and
discs);
-Adamson university-

is used informally to refer to a metal

that oxidizes or corrodes relatively
easily, and reacts variably with dilute
hydrochloric acid (HCl) to form
hydrogen.
was a common and inexpensive metal

Iron
Nickel
Lead
Zinc

COPPER is

considered a
base metal as
it oxidizes
relatively
easily,
although it
does not react
with HCl.

Irons
and
steels

aluminum
tin
copper
zinc
brass

are metals that are resistant

to corrosion or oxidation
Some of the noble metals
can be dissolved in aqua
regia, a highly concentrated
mixture of acids

Gold
Silver
Tantalum
Platinum
Palladium
Rhodium

Is the precious metals

are less reactive than
most elements, have
high luster, are softer or
more ductile, and have
higher melting points
than other metals.

Gold
Silver

Metal are often extracted

from earth by means of
mining, resulting in ores that
are relatively rich sources of
the requisite element.

Is a naturally-occurring source
of a metal that you can
economically extract the metal
Is a volume of rock containing
components or minerals in a
mode of occurrence that render
it valuable for mining

Pyrometallurgy
Electrometallurgy
Hydrometallurgy

Pyrometallurgy is the
treatment of metals and their
ores by heat. (heat process)

Electrometallurgy is used
when very high purity metal
is needed and the metal are
processed using electricity
such as electroplating and
electrorefining. (electricity
process)

Hydrometallurgy is a wet
process as the name implies,
where reactants are used in
a water solution. (water
process)

An alloy is a mixture of two or more elements in

solid solution in which the major component is a
metal. Most pure metals are either too soft, brittle
or chemically reactive for practical use. Combining
different ratios of metals as alloys modify the
properties of pure metals to produce desirable
characteristics. The aim of making alloys is
generally to make them less brittle, harder,
resistant to corrosion, or have a more desirable
color and luster. Examples of alloys are steel (iron
and carbon), brass (copper and zinc), bronze (
copper and tin), and duralumin (aluminium and
copper). Alloys specially designed for highly
demanding applications, such as jet engines, may
contain more than ten elements.

Properties

Alloys are usually prepared to improve on the

properties of their components. For instance,
steel is stronger than iron, its primary
component. The physical properties of an alloy,
such as density, reactivity and electrical and
thermal conductivity may not differ greatly from
the alloy's elements, but engineering
properties, such as tensile strength,
shear strength and Young's modulus, can be
substantially different from those of the
constituent materials. This is sometimes due to
the differing sizes of the atoms in the alloy
larger atoms exert a compressive force on
neighboring atoms, and smaller atoms exert a
tensile force on their neighbors. This helps the
alloy resist deformation, unlike a pure metal
where the atoms move more freely.

Unlike pure metals, most alloys do not have a

single melting point. Instead, they have a
melting range in which the material is a mixture
of solid and liquid phases. The temperature at
which melting begins is called the solidus, and
that at which melting is complete is called the
liquidus. However, for most pairs of elements,
there is a particular ratio which has a single
melting point; this is called the eutectic mixture

Classification

Alloys can be classified by the number of their

constituents. An alloy with two components is
called a binary alloy; one with three is a
ternary alloy, and so forth. Alloys can be
further classified as either substitution alloys
or interstitial alloys, depending on their
method of formation. In substitution alloys, the
atoms of the components are approximately the
same size and the various atoms are simply
substituted for one another in the crystal
structure. An example of a (binary) substitution
alloy is brass, made up of copper and zinc.
Interstitial alloys occur when the atoms of one
component are substantially smaller than the
other and the smaller atoms fit into the spaces
(interstices) between the larger atoms

Presentation by:
KEN DAVID MERCADO IDO

Author of De re metallica, an important

early book on metal extraction.

Also known as the father of

metallurgy.

The earliest recorded metal employed by

humans appears to be gold which can be
found free or "native".
Silver, copper, tin and meteoric iron can
also be found native, allowing a limited
amount of metalworking in early cultures.
The extraction of iron from its ore into a
workable metal is much more difficult. It
appears to have been invented by the
Hittites in about 1200 B.C., beginning
the Iron Age

Extractive metallurgy is the practice of

removing valuable metals from an ore and
refining the extracted raw metals into a
purer form. In order to convert a metal oxide
or sulfide to a purer metal, the ore must be
reduced either physically, chemically, or
electrolytically.

ORE FEED
CONCENTRATE
TAILINGS

Aluminium
chromium
copper
iron
magnesium
nickel
titanium
zinc

Casting
forging
flow forming
rolling
extrusion
sintering
metalworking
machining
fabrication

Welding is a technique for joining metal

components by melting the base material. A
filler material of similar composition may
also be melted into the joint.
Brazing is a technique for joining metals at
a temperature below their melting point. A
filler with a melting point below that of the
base metal is used, and is drawn into the
joint by capillary action.
Soldering is a method of joining metallic
electrical conductors where high strength is
not required.

annealing

quenching

tempering
case hardening

softens the metal and makes a shaped

product tougher by reducing the effects
of work hardening. The purpose of
annealing is to reduce hardness, facilitate
machining and to relieve internal stress.
Types of annealing:-1.)Full annealing;
2.)Spherodising anneal;
3.)Recrystallization anneal;
4.)Process anneal

by itself makes the metal very hard and

very brittle.

Tempering

after quenching is used to reduce

the brittleness and improve overall
properties.

case hardening make a shaped product

harder
and also quenching.

Metallurgists study the microscopic and macroscopic properties using

metallography. In metallography, an alloy of interest is ground flat
and polished to a mirror finish. The sample can then be etched to
reveal the microstructure and macrostructure of the metal. A
metallurgist can then examine the sample with an optical or electron
microscope and learn a great deal about the sample's composition,
mechanical properties, and processing history.

Crystallography, often using diffraction or x-rays or electrons, is

another valuable tool available to the modern metallurgist.
Crystallography allow the identification of unknown materials and
reveals the crystal structure of the sample. Quantitative
crystallography can be used to calculate the amount of phases
present as well as the degree of strain to which a sample has been
subjected.

The physical properties of metals can be quantified by mechanical

testing. Typical tests include tensile strength, compressive strength,
hardness, impact toughness, fatigue and creep life.

 Metals
group of chemical elements that exhibit all or most of
the following physical qualities : they are solid at
ordinary temperatures; opaque, except in extremely thin
films; good electrical and thermal conductors (see
Conductor, Electrical); lustrous when polished; and have
a crystalline structure when in the solid state
Metallic elements can combine with one another and
with certain other elements, either as compounds, as
solutions, or as intimate mixtures. A substance
composed of two or more metals, or a substance
composed of a metal and certain nonmetals such as
carbon are called alloys. Alloys of mercury with other
metallic elements are known as amalgams

 Within the general limits of the definition of a metal,

the properties of metals vary widely. Most metals are
grayish in color
The conductivity of most metals can be lowered by
alloying. All metals expand when heated and contract
when cooled, but certain alloys, such as platinum and
iridium alloys, have extremely low coefficients of
expansion
a metal (Greek: Metallon) is an element that readily
loses electrons to form positive ions (cations) and has
metallic bonds between metal atoms. Metals form ionic
bonds with non-metals.
They tend to be lustrous, ductile, malleable, and good
conductors of electricity, while nonmetals are generally
brittle (if solid), lack luster, and are insulators.

Process Metallurgy is one of the oldest applied sciences. Its

history can be traced back to 6000 BC. Admittedly, its form
at that time was rudimentary, but, to gain a perspective in
Process Metallurgy, it is worthwhile to spend a little time
studying the initiation of mankind's association with
metals. Currently there are 86 known metals. Before the
19th century only 24 of these metals had been discovered
and, of these 24 metals, 12 were discovered in the 18th
century.
The other seven metals, known as the Metals of Antiquity,
were the metals upon which civilization was based. These
seven metals were:
(1) Gold (ca) 6000BC
(2) Copper,(ca) 4200BC
(3) Silver,(ca) 4000BC
(4) Lead, (ca) 3500BC
(5) Tin, (ca) 1750BC
(6) Iron,smelted, (ca) 1500BC
(7) Mercury, (ca) 750BC

These metals were known to the Mesopotamians, Egyptians,

Greeks and the Romans. Of the seven metals, five can be found
in their native states, e.g., gold, silver, copper, iron (from
meteors) and mercury. However, the occurrence of these metals
was not abundant and the first two metals to be used widely
were gold and copper.
And, of course, the history of metals
is closely linked to that of coins and gemstones
METALS DISCOVERED IN 18TH CENTURY
1735 Cobalt
1751 Nickel
1774 Manganese
1781 Molybdenum
1782 Tellurium
1783 Tungsten
1789 Uranium
1789 Zirconium
1791 Titanium
1794 Yttrium
1797 Berylium
1797 Chromium

METALS DISCOVERED IN 19TH CENTURY

1801 Niobium
1802 Tantalum
1803 Iridium, Palladium, Rhodium
1807 Potassium, Sodium
1808 Boron, Barium, Calcium, Magnesium, Strontium
1814 Cerium
1817 Lithium, Cadmium, Selenium
1823 Silicon
1827 Aluminum
1828 Thorium
1830 Vanadium
1839 Lanthanum
1843 Erbium, Terbium
1844 Ruthenium
1860 Cesium, Rubidium
1861 Thallium
1863 Indium
1875 Gallium
1878-1885 Holmium, Thulium, Scandium, Samarium, Gadalinium,Praseodynium,
Neodynium, Dysprosium
1886 Germanium
1898 Polonium, Radium
1899 Actinium

METALS DISCOVERED IN THE 20TH CENTURY

1901 Europium
1907 Lutetium
1917 Protactinium
1923 Hafnium
1924 Rhenium
1937 Technetium
1939 Francium
1945 Promethium
1940-61Transuranium elements.
Neptunium
Plutonium
Curium
Americum
Berkelium
Californium
Einsteinium
Fermium
Mendelevium
Nobelium
Lawrencium