EDUCATION PLANNING

AND MANAGEMENT

EDUCATION PLANNING IN INDIA

EDUCATION IN THE INDIAN

CONSTITUTION

Article 29(1) : No citizen shall be denied

admission to any educational institution
maintained by the state on grounds of religion,
caste, language or any other

1921 to 1976 : Education as a State subject

42nd amendment : Education in concurrent list

Entry 20 (List III Concurrent List) : Govt. of

India & State govt. to work jointly for education

IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS OF STATE

Providing elementary education
Providing secondary & higher education
Controlling universities activities
Opening training institutions
Providing adult & social education
Providing financial assistance
Appointing commissions
Appointing supervisory staf
Providing curriculum & syllabus
Holding examinations

FREE AND COMPULSORY

EDUCATION

Article 45: Directive Principles of

State Policy: state shall endeavour
within 10 years, to provide free &
compulsory education till 14 yrs. (i.e.
by 1960)
RTE, 2009 : Free & compulsory
education for 6-14 years of age
Vocational & Technical Training of
Labour : Entry 25 in List III
(Concurrent List)

HIGHER EDUCATION : LIST 1

(UNION LIST)

Entry 63 : BHU, AMU, DU national importance

Entry 64 : Scientific & Technical institutions

Entry 65 :

Professional, Vocational & Technical training

Special Studies & Research
Scientific assistance in Crime investigation

Entry 66 : Higher education not to be lowered at

the hand of state to detriment of national interest
Entry 13 : International conferences &
associations

EDUCATION IN UNION
TERRITORIES

Article 239 : UT to be administered by president

through an administrator
Thus, Govt. of India solely responsible for
education in UT

EDUCATION FOR WEAKER SECTION

OF PEOPLE

Article 46: State shall promote with special care

the educational & economic interests of weaker
sections (SC & ST) & protect them from social
injustice & exploitation (includes disability)
Article 15: Nothing shall prevent the state from
making special provisions for SC/ST/women &
other backward classes

EDUCATION FOR THE MINORITIES

Article 29 : Protection of interest of minorities

Article 30 : Right of Minorities to establish &
administer educational institutions

INSTRUCTION IN MOTHER TONGUE

AT PRIMARY STAGE
Article 350-A : provide adequate facilities for
instruction in the mother tongue at the primary
stage
Article 350-B : appointment of special officer for
linguistic minorities

SPREAD OF HINDI

Article 351 : Special responsibility of the Centre

to develop the national language i.e. Hindi

Scientific & Technical terms

Encyclopaedia
Popular literature
Short hand notation
Scholarships
Assistance to non-Hindi states

RELIGIOUS EDUCATION
Article 25(1) : Right to profess, practice &
propagate religion
Article 28 : Freedom to attend religious
institution
No religious instruction in state funded
educational institutions

LIAISON WITH UNESCO

India is a founder member of UNESCO (1946)
UNESCO research centre on Social & Economic
development in Southern India
National Institute of Educational Planning &
Administration
South Asia Science Co-operative Office
Regional Research Centre on Social Implications
of Industrialization for Southern India
Scholarships by Commonwealth, Ford
Foundation, British Council etc. to Indian
students

EDUCATION ON THE CONCURRENT

LIST
State subject till Dec, 1976
42nd amendment, education on concurrent list
Also, the act established the supremacy of
Parliament over Executive & Judiciary
The idea of education on Concurrent list was not
a new one & had been raised by many in the past:
M.C. Chagla (1964), Saprus Committe, Indian
Education Commission etc.
Education a national concern

NATIONAL POLICIES ON
EDUCATION
UGC an autonomous body in 1956
University Education Commission or
Radhakrishnan Commission (1948-49)
Secondary Education Commission or Mudaliar
Commission (1952-53)
National Education Commission or Kothari
Commission (1964-66)
National Policy on Education (1986)

UNIVERSITY EDUCATION
COMMISSION (1948-49)
Chairman : Dr. S. Radha Krishnan
Two volumes: first part 18 chapters & 747 pages
and second volume contains statistics

Recommendations:
Leadership

education
Technical Education : Research and Development
Set up UGC - 1956
Medium of Instruction : English should be replaced
by Indian language

UNIVERSITY EDUCATION
COMMISSION (1948-49)
Teaching

Standards: Better equipped & minimum

180 days of teaching
Entry only after 12 years of study at school
Rural Education : Agriculture
Education of Character
Religious and Moral Instruction
Examination and Evaluation
Women Education
Concurrent List
Vocational Education

SECONDARY EDUCATION
COMMISSION (1952-53)
Chairman : Dr. A.L. Mudaliar (then ViceChancellor of Madras University)
Report of 250 pages

Defects of Secondary Education

Bookish,

mechanical, stereotyped & uniform

Too much stress on examinations
Over-crowded curriculum & classrooms
Unscientific teaching methods
Lack of proper study material
Defective examination system

SECONDARY EDUCATION
COMMISSION (1952-53)

Recommendations:
Period

of secondary education = 7 years

Multi-purpose schools
Horticulture & Animal Husbandry
Study of Home Science
Three language formula
Introduce Objective tests
Guidance & Counselling

NATIONAL EDUCATION
COMMISSION (1964-66)
Chairman : Dr. D.S. Kothari
Educationists from UK, USA, Japan, France,
Russia
700 Pages - Bible for teachers
Recommendations:

Social

& National Integration through Education

Free & Compulsory Education upto 14 years
Diversification of curriculum
Science & Technical Education
Vocational Education
Medium of Instruction
Adult Education

NATIONAL POLICY ON EDUCATION,

1968
Adopted by Indira Gandhi government
On Basis of Kothari Commission
Recommendations

Free

& Compulsory Education

Science & Technical Education
Educational Structure: 10+2, only 1 public exam
Medium of Instruction/Development of languages
Teachers Status & Salaries
Education for agriculture
Games & Sports

NATIONAL POLICY ON EDUCATION,

1968
Education

of Minorities
Part time & Correspondence courses
Examination and Evaluation
Textbooks
Vocational Education
Equalization of Educational Opportunities Poor/Disabled
Adult Education
Secondary Education
Higher Education

NATIONAL POLICY ON EDUCATION,

1986
Adopted by Rajiv Gandhis government
Recommendations:

Promote

National Progress
National Curricular Framework
Universalization of Elementary Education
Science & Technical Education
Educational Structure: 10+2, only 1 public exam
Teachers Status & Salaries
Rural Universities
Education of Minorities
Lifelong Education
Eradication of illiteracy

NATIONAL POLICY ON EDUCATION,

1986
Open

Universities, Non formal Education

Examination and Evaluation
Women Education
Vocational Education
Equalization of Educational Opportunities Poor/Disabled
Adult Education
Secondary Education
Higher Education

NPE, REVISED POLICY IN 1992

In 1990, as United Front govt. was formed at the
centre
Modifications by CABE recommended
The revision of the policy, was completed &
introduced in 1992, along with the revised
Programme of Action.
UEE
Womens Education
Vocational Education
Higher & Technical Education
Improvement in quality of content

FIRST FIVE YEAR PLAN (1951-56)

One polytechnic in each state
Production of audio visual aids at CIE
14 Engineering colleges
Industrial schools
Schools for handicrafts
Scholarship for further study in foreign countries
Establish libraries
Develop regional languages
Provision for NCC
Adult education

SECOND FIVE YEAR PLAN (1956-61)

Primary education for girls
Board for Primary and Basic Education
Agriculture Education at secondary level
Stop stagnation & wastage in primary education
Secondary schools to converted into Higher
Secondary
Stop stagnation & wastage in university education
Development & Enrichment of fine arts
Cultural & Educational programmes with UNESCO

THIRD FIVE YEAR PLAN (1961-66)

Six education centres
State govt. to give full attention to child
welfare centres
Primary education by state govt.
Expand scientific education
Multi-purpose and secondary institutions
University education
Social education : National Institute of
Fundamental Education and AudioVisual Education Centre
Rs. 130 crores for technical education

FOURTH FIVE YEAR PLAN (1969-74)

Remove deficiencies
Remove internal stress & strains
Training of teachers & Balwadis (Pre-school)
Free and compulsory education till 14 years
Girl education
Quality of secondary education
Part-time & diploma courses

FIFTH FIVE YEAR PLAN (1974-79)

Social Justice
Employment needs
Quality of Education
Involvement in Social & Economic development
Free & Compulsory Education till 14 yrs.
Evening colleges, correspondence courses, private
study etc.
Non formal education
Scholarships
Faculty development
Diversification of courses

SIXTH FIVE YEAR PLAN

Adult Education
All round primary education
Vocationalization of Secondary education
Standard of higher education
Co-relation between education, employment &
national development
Equal opportunities in education
Educational schemes in backward states
Non formal education

SEVENTH FIVE YEAR PLAN (1985-90)

Eradication of illiteracy 18-35 yrs.
Quality Education
Reorganization of education system
Modernization of technical education
Development of human resources
Reshaping the educational structure
National Literacy Mission

EIGHTH FIVE YEAR PLAN (1992-97)

UEE
National Literacy Mission (18-35 yrs.)
Vocational education
Scientific methods in teaching
Equal opportunities esp. girls
10+2+3 in all states
Open universities
Navodaya Vidyalayas
Environmental Education
Expansion of IGNOU
Scholarship for students going abroad

MINISTRY OF HUMAN RESOURCE

DEVELOPMENT (MHRD)
Till 1987, known as Ministry of Education
9 Divisions:

Administration
Elementary

& Basic Education

Secondary Education
University Education
Physical Education & Recreation
Hindi
Scholarship
Research & Publications
Social Welfare

MINISTRY OF SOCIAL JUSTICE &

EMPOWERMENT (MSJ&E)
India is a welfare state, protecting the interests
on weaker sections
SC/ST; Other backward classes; Minorities; Aged
People; Street Children; Drug Addicts & Persons
with Disability
Ensure equitable treatment of otherwise
discriminated lot
Various schemes to sponsor/help NGOs like
DDRS etc.

NIOS : NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF

OPEN SCHOOLING
Autonomous Registered Society Nov. 1989
Full authority to examine & certify the students
till pre-degree levels
Flexibility of courses, time and learning pace for
secondary and senior secondary courses

CENTRAL ADVISORY BOARD OF

EDUCATION (CABE)
Oldest & highest advisory body to govt.
Reviews progress of education
Check implementation of education policy
Advise State or Central govt.
Union HRD minister is the chairman, State HRD
minister is vice-chairman

NATIONAL COUNCIL OF
EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH &
TRAINING (NCERT)
Established in 1961 with HQ at Delhi
To undertake necessary research, innovations,
experiments, pilot projects etc. in education

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF
EDUCATIONAL PLANNING &
ADMINISTRATION (NIEPA)
UNESCOs regional centre for Educational
planners & administrators, 1961-62
Renamed as Asian Institute of Educational
Planning & Administration
Indian Govt. took it over in 1970 after 10 yrs
contract completion with UNESCO named
National Staf College for Educational Planning
& Administration
Got its present name in 1979

NATIONAL COUNCIL OF TEACHER

EDUCATION (NCTE)
Since 1973, it is advisory body for the central &
state Govt.
Ensure that standards are maintained
NCTE Act, 1993 making NCTE as statutory body
in 1995

REHABILITATION COUNCIL OF
INDIA (RCI)

Needs of disabled
Respect,

not pity
Rights, not charity
Equality, not dependence
Participation, not segregation

RCI Act, 1992 RCI as statutory body in 1993

Regulate standard training & programmes for
rehabilitation professionals
Central Rehabilitation Register recognized
qualification

UNESCO UNITED NATION EDUCATIONAL,

SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION
Head-quarter in Paris, 188 member states
Right education
Lifelong education
Educational aid for Refugees
Educational conferences
Teacher education
Education methods, Materials & Techniques
Restructuring educational system
Educational financing

UNICEF UNITED NATIONS

CHILDRENS FUND
Earlier name United Nations
International Childrens Emergency
Fund
Name changed in 1983
Co-operates with National Govt, NGOs
& other UN agencies in 161 countries
Guided by Convention on the Rights of
the Child (CRC)
Works for the most disadvantaged
children

UNITED NATION FUND FOR

POPULATION ACTIVITIES (UNFPA)
Began operation in 1969
Helps developing countries to find solutions to their
population problems
Right to freedom of choice of family size
Develop health & family planning service
Gender equality & women empowerment
Reproductive health, unsafe abortions, unwanted
pregnancies etc.

UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENTAL

PROGRAMME (UNEP)
Established in 1975
Developed countries largely responsible for
environmental imbalance
Ozone layer depletion
Global warming
Extinction of various species
Developing countries social & financial
pressures deforestation & industrialization
Promote international awareness & co-operation
regarding environment

NEED OF EDUCATIONAL PLANNING

Ensure success of enterprise
Save time & money
Solve problems
Inherent nature
Keep pace with time

CHARACTERISTICS OF
EDUCATIONAL PLANNING
Logical, Systematic & Scientific Process
Collective efort
Broad goals of society/nation
Accommodates anticipated changes in future
Takes note of maladjustments or deficiencies
Objective & Scientific Procedure

PRINCIPLES OF EDUCATIONAL
PLANNING
Clear & well formulated Objectives
Integral aspect of National planning
Based on organised research
Adaptations in times of emergencies
Functional, Realistic & Practical
Active & continuing participation of
concerned
Specific Recommendations
Continuous Evaluation
Comprehensive & Integrated
Need based & Situation Oriented

APPROACHES TO EDUCATIONAL
PLANNING
Intra-Educational Extrapolation Approach
Demographic Projection Model
Manpower Approach
Social Demand Approach
Rate of Return Approach
Social Justice Approach