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IMMUNIZATION

IMMUNIZATION
Definition according to WHO
Immunization is the process whereby a
person is made immune or resistant to an
infectious disease, typically by the
administration of a vaccine
Vaccines stimulate the bodys own immune
system to protect the person against
subsequent infection or disease

Childhood immunization has markedly

reduced the impact of major infectious
diseases
Two categories of immunization
Active immunization induced immunity by
vaccination with a vaccine or toxoid
(inactivated toxin)
Passive immunization transplacental
transfer of maternal antibodies and the
administration of antibody, either as
immunoglobulin or monoclonal antibody

Active immunity: Whole or parts of

microorganisms administered to prevent
an infectious disease. Vaccine types
include:

Whole inactivated microorganisms (e.g.. Polio and Hep A)

Parts of the organism (e.g.. Acellular pertussis, HPV, Hep B)
Polysaccharide capsules (pneumococcal, meningococcal)
Polysaccharide capsules conjugated to protein carriers (Hib,
pneumococcal, meningococcal conjugate vaccines)
Live attenuated organisms (measles, mumps, rubella, varicella,
rotavirus, live attenuated influenza vaccines)
Toxoids (tetanus, diphtheria)

Passive immunity: administration of preformed

antibodies to induce transient protection against
an infectious agent. Indications for passive
immunity are as follows:
provide protection to immunodeficient children with B-lymphocyte
defects who have difficulties making antibodies
Persons exposed to infectious diseases or who are at imminent risk of
exposure where there is no adequate time for them to develop an active
immune response to a vaccine
Therapy for an infectious disease (e.g.. Botulism, diphtheria)

Types of vaccination
Live attenuated viruses (measles, mumps,
rubella, varicella, nasal influenza)
Inactivated or killed viruses (polio, hepatitis A,
intramuscular influenza)
Recombinant products (hepatitis B, human
papillomavirus)

COMMON CHILDHOOD VACCINES

Childhood immunization standards and
recommendation in the United States are
formulated by the Advisory Committee on
Immunization Practices of the Centres for
Disease Control and Prevention (ACIP)
In Malaysia, Ministry of Health (MOH) also
has a schedule to be obeyed.
Normally it is based from the common
infectious diseases.

COMMON CHILDHOOD VACCINES

BCG
Hepatitis B
Diphtheria, Tetanus (DT)
Pertussis
Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV)
Haemophilus Influenza type B (Hib)
Measles
Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR)
Mumps
Rubella
Japanese Encephalitis (JE)
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)
Pneumococcal (conjugate and polysaccharide vaccine)
Rotavirus

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Indications for vaccines not

on the MOH schedule