Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
ISSUES TO ADDRESS...
How to define points, directions, planes, as well
as linear, planar, and volume densities
Define basic terms and give examples of each:
Points (atomic positions)
Vectors (defines a particular direction - plane normal)
Miller Indices (defines a particular plane)
relation to diffraction
3-index for cubic and 4-index notation for HCP
Points,Directions,andPlanesinTermsofUnitCellVectors
v
c
v
b
v
a
POINTCoordinates
To define a point within a unit cell.
Express the coordinates uvw as fractions of unit cell vectors a, b, and c
(so that the axes x, y, and z do not have to be orthogonal).
pt. coord.
pt.
v
c
v
b
v
a
origin
x (a)
y (b)
z (c)
1/2
1/2
CrystallographicDirections
Procedure:
1. Any line (or vector direction) is specified by 2 points.
2.
[110] direction.
Along x: 1 a
Along y: 1 b
Along z: 1 c
DIRECTION =
[1 1 1]
Self-Assessment Example 2:
(a) What is the lattice point given by point P?
Example 3: What lattice direction does the lattice point 264 correspond?
The lattice direction [132] from the origin.
SymmetryEquivalentDirections
FamiliesandSymmetry:CubicSymmetry
z
(010)
(100)
z
Rotate 90o about y-axis
(001)
x
MSE 280: Introduction to Engineering Materials
DesignatingLatticePlanes
Why are planes in a lattice important?
(A) Determining crystal structure
* Diffraction methods measure the distance between parallel lattice planes of atoms.
This information is used to determine the lattice parameters in a crystal.
* Diffraction methods also measure the angles between lattice planes.
(B) Plastic deformation
* Plastic deformation in metals occurs by the slip of atoms past each other in the crystal.
* This slip tends to occur preferentially along specific crystal-dependent planes.
(C) Transport Properties
* In certain materials, atomic structure in some planes causes the transport of electrons
and/or heat to be particularly rapid in that plane, and relatively slow not in the plane.
Example: Graphite: heat conduction is more in sp2-bonded plane.
Example: YBa2Cu3O7 superconductors: Cu-O planes conduct pairs of electrons
(Cooper pairs) responsible for superconductivity, but perpendicular insulating.
+ Some lattice planes contain only Cu and O
HowDoWeDesignateLatticePlanes?
Example 1
Planes intersects axes at:
a axis at r= 2
b axis at s= 4/3
c axis at t= 1/2
HowDoWeDesignateLatticePlanes?
Planes intersects axes at:
a axis at r= 2
b axis at s= 4/3
c axis at t= 1/2
* Note: If a plane does not intercept an axes (I.e., it is at ), then you get 0.
* Note: All parallel planes at similar staggered distances have the same Miller index.
Self-Assessment Example
What is the designation of this plane in Miller Index notation?
FamiliesofLatticePlanes
Given any plane in a lattice, there is a infinite set of parallel lattice planes
(or family of planes) that are equally spaced from each other.
One of the planes in any family always passes through the origin.
CrystallographicPlanesinFCC:(100)
z
y
Distance between (100) planes
d100
d200
CrystallographicPlanesinFCC:(110)
d110
CrystallographicPlanesinFCC:(111)
z
Look down this direction
(perpendicular to the plane)
d111
ComparingDifferentCrystallographicPlanes
d110
1
For any vector, v
cos(vx)+cos(vy)+cos(vz)=1
For (220) Miller Indexed planes you are getting planes at 1/2, 1/2, .
The (110) planes are not necessarily (220) planes!
DirectionsinHCPCrystals
1.
2.
3.
4.
DirectionsinHCPCrystals:4-index notation
What is 4-index notation for vector D?
Example
Easiest to remember: Find the coordinate axes that straddle the vector
of interest, and follow along those axes (but divide the a1, a2, a3 part of vector
by 3 because you are now three times farther out!).
DirectionsinHCPCrystals:4-index notation
Example
In 4-index notation:
MillerIndicesforHCPPlanes
4-index notation is more important for planes in HCP, in order
to distinguish similar planes rotated by 120o.
As soon as you see [1100], you will know
that it is HCP, and not [110] cubic!
t
Find Miller Indices for HCP:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
MillerIndicesforHCPPlanes
What is the Miller Index of the pink plane?
1.
Miller Index is
(1210)
We can write (h k i l) =
Miller Index is
BasalPlaneinHCP
Name this plane
Parallel to a1, a2 and a3
So, h = k = i = 0
Intersects at z = 1
a2
a3
a1
AnotherPlaneinHCP
z
a2
+1 in a1
a3
-1 in a2
a1
(1 1 0 0) plane
h = 1, k = -1, i = -(1+-1) = 0, l = 0
MSE 280: Introduction to Engineering Materials
z
(1 1 1) plane of FCC
y
x
z
(0 0 0 1) plane of HCP
SAME THING!*
a2
a3
a1
SUMMARY