Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
May 2007
Outline
PON benefits
PON architecture
Fiber optic basics
PON physical layer
PON user plane
PON control plane
PONs
Slide 2
PON benefits
PONs
Slide 3
Why fiber ?
todays high datarate networks are all based on optical fiber
the reason is simple (examples for demonstration sake)
microwave
70 Mbps @ 30 km (WiMax)
coax
10 Mbps @ 3.6 km (10BROAD36)
30 Mbps @ 30 km (cable modem)
optical fiber
10 Mbps @ 2 km (10BASE-FL)
100 Mbps @ 400m (100BASE-FX)
1 Gbps @ 2km (1000BASE-LX)
10 Gbps @ 40 (80) km (10GBASE-E(Z)R)
40 Gbps @ 700 km [Nortel] or 3000 km [Verizon]
PONs
Slide 4
Slide 5
copper
fiber
point-to-point
rings
PONs
Slide 6
access
core
Slide 7
core
N end users
feeder fiber
copper
access network
PONs
Slide 8
N end users
core
access network
PONs
Slide 9
An obvious solution
deploy intermediate switches
(active) switch located at curb or in basement
saves space at central office
need 2 N + 2 optical transceivers
core
N end users
feeder fiber
fiber
access network
PONs
Slide 10
access network
1:2 passive splitter
N end users
core
typically N=32
feeder fiber
PONs
Slide 11
PON advantages
shared infrastructure translates to lower cost per customer
minimal number of optical transceivers
feeder fiber and transceiver costs divided by N customers
greenfield per-customer cost similar to UTP
passive splitters translate to lower cost
can be installed anywhere
no power needed
essentially unlimited MTBF
fiber data-rates can be upgraded as technology improves
initially 155 Mbps
then 622 Mbps
now 1.25 Gbps
soon 2.5 Gbps and higher
PONs
Slide 12
PON
architecture
PONs
Slide 13
Terminology
like every other field, PON technology has its own terminology
the CO head-end is called an OLT
ONUs are the CPE devices (sometimes called ONTs in ITU)
the entire fiber tree (incl. feeder, splitters, distribution fibers) is an ODN
all trees emanating from the same OLT form an OAN
downstream is from OLT to ONU (upstream is the opposite direction)
downstream
upstream
NNI
core
splitter
UNI
Terminal Equipment
PONs
Slide 14
PON types
many types of PONs have been defined
APON
ATM PON
BPON
Broadband PON
GPON
Gigabit PON
EPON
Ethernet PON
GEPON
CPON
CDMA PON
WPON
WDM PON
PONs
Slide 15
Bibliography
Warning
do not believe white papers from vendors
especially not with respect to GPON/EPON comparisons
GPON
BPON
EPON
PONs
Slide 16
PON principles
downstream transmission
OLT broadcasts data downstream to all ONUs in ODN
ONU captures data destined for its address, discards all other data
encryption needed to ensure privacy
upstream transmission
ONUs share bandwidth using Time Division Multiple Access
OLT manages the ONU timeslots
ranging is performed to determine ONU-OLT propagation time
additional functionality
Physical Layer OAM
Autodiscovery
Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation
PONs
Slide 17
PONs
Slide 18
(multi)point - to - (multi)point
Multipoint-to-multipoint Ethernet avoids collisions
by CSMA/CD
This can't work for multipoint-to-point US PON
since ONUs don't see each other
And the OLT can't arbitrate without adding a roundtrip time
Point-to-point ATM can send data in the open
although trusted intermediate switches see all data
customer switches only receive their own data
This can't work for point-to-multipoint DS PON
since all ONUs see all DS data
PONs
Slide 19
PON encapsulation
The majority of PON traffic is Ethernet
So EPON enthusiasts say
use EPON - it's just Ethernet
That's true by definition anything in 802.3 is Ethernet
and EPON is defined in clauses 64 and 65 of 802.3-2005
But don't be fooled - all PON methods encapsulate MAC frames
EPON and GPON differ in the contents of the header
EPON hides the new header inside the GbE preamble
GPON can also carry non-Ethernet payloads
PON header
DA
SA
data
FCS
PONs
Slide 20
BPON history
1995 : 7 operators (BT, FT, NTT, ) and a few vendors form
Full Service Access Network Initiative
to provide business customers with multiservice broadband offering
Obvious choices were ATM (multiservice) and PON (inexpensive)
which when merged became APON
1996 : name changed to BPON to avoid too close association with ATM
1997 : FSAN proposed BPON to ITU SG15
1998 : BPON became G.983
G.982 : PON requirements and definitions
G.983.1 : 155 Mbps BPON
G.983.2 : management and control interface
G.983.3 : WDM for additional services
G.983.4 : DBA
G.983.5 : enhanced survivability
G.983.1 amd 1 : 622 Mbps rate
G.983.1 amd 2 : 1244 Mbps rate
PONs
Slide 21
EPON history
2001: IEEE 802 LMSC WG accepts
Ethernet in the First Mile Project Authorization Request
becomes EFM task force (largest 802 task force ever formed)
EFM task force had 4 tracks
DSL (now in clauses 61, 62, 63)
Ethernet OAM (now clause 57)
Optics (now in clauses 58, 59, 60, 65)
P2MP (now clause 64)
2002 : liaison activity with ITU to agree upon wavelength allocations
2003 : WG ballot
2004 : full standard
2005: new 802.3 version with EFM clauses
PONs
Slide 22
GPON history
2001 : FSAN initiated work on extension of BPON to > 1 Gbps
Although GPON is an extension of BPON technology
and reuses much of G.983 (e.g. linecode, rates, band-plan, OAM)
decision was not to be backward compatible with BPON
2001 : GFP developed (approved 2003)
2003 : GPON became G.984
G.984.1 : GPON general characteristics
G.984.2 : Physical Media Dependent layer
G.984.3 : Transmission Convergence layer
G.984.4 : management and control interface
PONs
Slide 23
PONs
Slide 24
= sin1 (n2/n1)
V =c/n
t = Propagation
Time
t Vacuum: n=1,
t=3.336ns/m
t Water : n=1.33,
t=4.446ns/m
t = Ln/c
PONs
Slide 25
Single-mode
Fiber
PONs
Slide 26
Third level
Fourth level
PONs
Slide 27
Sources of Dispersion
Total
Dispersion
Multimode
Dispersion
Chromatic
Dispersio
n
Material
Dispersio
n
PONs
Slide 28
Multimode Dispersion
11
PONs
Slide 29
Graded-index Dispersion
11
1 0
PONs
Slide 30
Single-Mode Dispersion
11
PONs
Slide 31
How to calculate
For bandwidth?
a 1.25 Gb/s we need a BW of 0.7 BitRate =
1.143ns
Tc = Dmat *
*L
Slide 32
PONs
Slide 33
Spectral Characteristics
LASER/laser diode: Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Done of the wide range of
devices that generates light by that principle. Laser light is directional, covers a narrow range of
wavelengths, and is more coherent than ordinary light. Semiconductor diode lasers are the standard light
sources in fiber optic systems. Lasers emit light by stimulated emission .
PONs
Slide 34
Laser
PONs
Slide 35
Light Detectors
PIN DIODES (PD)
- Operation simular to LEDs, but in reverse, photon are converted to electrons
- Simple, relatively low- cost
- Limited in sensitivity and operating range
- Used for lower- speed or short distance applications
AVALANCHE PHOTODIODES (APD)
- Use more complex design and higher operating voltage than PIN diodes
to produce amplification effect
- Significantly more sensitive than PIN diodes
- More complex design increases cost
- Used for long-haul/higher bit rate systems
PONs
Slide 36
Wavelength-Division Multiplexing
PONs
Slide 37
WDM Duplexing
PONs
Slide 38
Slide 39
PONs
Slide 40
PONs
Slide 41
PONs
Slide 42
PONs
Slide 43
Burst-Mode CDR
PONs
Slide 44
Sampling
Hysteresis
Superimposed interference
Ideal, error-free transmission
PONs
Slide 45
PONs
Slide 46
Optical Splitters
PONs
Slide 47
PONs
Slide 48
Budget Calculations
LB
= PS - PO
= Link Budget
PS = Sensitivity
PO = Output Power
LB
Slide 49
Assume:
Optical loss = 0.35 db/km
Connector Loss = 2dB
PONs
Slide 50
PONs
Slide 51
PONs
Slide 52
PONs
Slide 53
allocations - G.983.1
Upstream and downstream directions need about the same bandwidth
US serves N customers, so it needs N times the BW of each customer
but each customer can only transmit 1/N of the time
In APON and early BPON work it was decided that 100 nm was needed
Where should these bands be placed for best results?
In the second and third windows !
Upstream
1300 nm
DS
1400 nm
1500 nm
1600 nm
PONs
Slide 54
allocations - G.983.3
Afterwards it became clear that there was a need for additional DS bands
Pressing needs were broadcast video and data
Where could these new DS bands be placed ?
At about the same time G.694.2 defined 20 nm CWDM bands
these were made possible because of new inexpensive hardware
(uncooled Distributed Feedback Lasers)
One of the CWDM bands was 1490 10 nm
same bottom as the G.983.1 DS
1270
1630
1490
US
1200 nm
1300 nm
DS
1400 nm
1500 nm
1600 nm
PONs
Slide 55
allocations - final
US
1200 nm
1300 nm
DS
1400 nm
1500 nm
1600 nm
enhancement bands:
video 1550 - 1560 nm (see ITU-T J.185/J.186)
digital 1539-1565 nm
PONs
Slide 56
DS (Mbps)
US (Mbps)
BPON
155.52
155.52
622.08
155.52
622.08
622.08
1244.16
155.52
1244.16
622.08
1244.16
155.52
1244.16
622.08
1244.16
1244.16
2488.32
155.52
2488.32
622.08
2488.32
1244.16
2488.32
2488.32
Amd 1
Amd 2
GPON
EPON
1250*
* only 1G/10G
usable due to1250*
linecode
work
in10312.5*
progress
10GEPON
10312.5*
PONs
Slide 57
PONs
Slide 58
Line codes
BPON and GPON use a simple NRZ linecode (high is 1 and low is 0)
An I.432-style scrambling operation is applied to payload (not to PON overhead)
Preferable to conventional scrambler because no error propagation
each standard and each direction use different LFSRs
LFSR initialized with all ones
LFSR sequence is XOR'ed with data before transmission
EPON uses the 802.3z (1000BASE-X) line code - 8B/10B
Every 8 data bits are converted into 10 bits before transmission
DC removal and timing recovery ensured by mapping
Special function codes (e.g. idle, start_of_packet, end_of_packet, etc)
However, 1000 Mbps is expanded to 1250 Mbps
10GbE uses a different linecode - 64B/66B
PONs
Slide 59
FEC
G984.3 clause 13 and 802.3-2005 subclause 65.2.3
define an optional G.709-style Reed-Solomon code
Use (255,239,8) systematic RS code designed for submarine fiber (G.975)
to every 239 data bytes add 16 parity bytes to make 255 byte FEC block
Up to 8 byte errors can be corrected
Improves power budget by over 3 dB,
allowing increased reach or additional splits
Use of FEC is negotiated between OLT and ONU
Since code is systematic
can use in environment where some ONUs do not support FEC
In GPON FEC frames are aligned with PON frames
In EPON FEC frames are marked using K-codes
(and need 8B10B decode - FEC - 8B10B encode)
PONs
Slide 60
Slide 61
US timing diagram
How does the ONU US transmission appear to the OLT ?
grant
laser
turn-on
inter-ONU
guard
laser
turn-off
data
lock
lock
data
grant
laser
turn-on
laser
turn-off
Notes:
GPON - ONU reports turn-on and turn-off times to OLT
ONU preamble length set by OLT
EPON - long lock time as need to Automatic Gain Control and Clock/Data Recovery
long inter-ONU guard due to AGC-reset
Ethernet preamble is part of data
PONs
Slide 62
PONs
Slide 63
PONs
Slide 64
Labels
In an ODN there is 1 OLT, but many ONUs
ONUs must somehow be labeled for
OLT to identify the destination ONU
ONU to identify itself as the source
EPON assigns a single label Logical Link ID to each ONU (15b)
GPON has several levels of labels
ONU_ID (1B) (1B)
Transmission-CONTainer (AKA Alloc_ID) (12b) (can be >1 T-CONT per ONU)
For ATM mode
VPI
VC
VC
VCI
VC
ONU T-CONT VP
VC
For GEM mode
VP
PON
PONs
Slide 65
DS GPON format
GPON Transmission Convergence frames are always 125 sec long
19440 bytes / frame for 1244.16 rate
38880 bytes / frame for 2488.32 rate
Each GTC frame consists of Physical Control Block downstream + payload
PCBd contains sync, OAM, DBA info, etc.
payload may have ATM and GEM partitions (either one or both)
GTC frame
PCBd
payload
PSync (4B)
Ident (4B)
125 sec
scrambled
PCBd
payload
PLOAMd (13B)
BIP (1B)
PCBd
payload
ATM
partition
GEM
partition
US BW map (N*8B)
PONs
Slide 66
GPON payloads
GTC payload potentially has 2 sections:
ATM partition (Alen * 53 bytes in length)
GEM partition (now preferred method)
PCBd
ATM cell
ATM cell
ATM cell
GEM frame
GEM frame
GEM frame
ATM partition
Alen (12 bits) is specified in the PCBd
Alen specifies the number of 53B cells in the ATM partition
if Alen=0 then no ATM partition
if Alen=payload length / 53 then no GEM partition
ATM cells are aligned to GTC frame
ONUs accept ATM cells based on VPI in ATM header
GEM partition
Unlike ATM cells, GEM delineated frames may have any length
Any number of GEM frames may be contained in the GEM partition
ONUs accept GEM frames based on 12b Port-ID in GEM header
PONs
Slide 67
Port ID
(12b)
5B
PTI
(3b)
HEC
(13b)
payload fragment
(L Bytes)
PONs Slide 68
cntatasembly
ID
PTI HEC DA
SA
data
FCS
ID
PTI HEC
PONs
Slide 69
GEM fragmentation
GEM can fragment its payload
For example
unfragmented Ethernet frame
PLI
ID
PTI=001 HEC DA
SA
T
T
data
FCS
ID
PTI=000 HEC DA
SA
PLI
ID
PTI=001 HEC
data2
data1
FCS
GEM frag 2
PCBd
GEM frame
large frag 2
PONs
Slide 70
PCBd
We saw that the PCBd is
PSync
Ident
PLOAMd
BIP
PLend
PLend
US BW map
(4B)
B6AB31E0
(4B)
(13B)
(1B)
(4B)
(4B)
(N*8B)
Slide 71
GPON US considerations
GTC fames are still 125 sec long, but shared amongst ONUs
Each ONU transmits a burst of data
using timing acquired by locking onto OLT signal
according to time allocation sent by OLT in BWmap
there may be multiple allocations to single ONU
PONs
Slide 72
US GPON format
4 different US overhead types:
PLOAMd
PLSu
DBRu
payload
PONs
Slide 73
US allocation example
DS frame
PCBd
BWmap
payload
US frame
preamble
+
delimiter
guard
time
scrambled
Slide 74
EPON format
EPON operation is based on the Ethernet MAC
and EPON frames are based on GbE frames
but extensions are needed
Slide 75
EPON header
Standard Ethernet starts with an essentially content-free 8B preamble
7B of alternating ones and zeros 10101010
1B of SFD 10101011
In order to hide the new PON header
EPON overwrites some of the preamble bytes
10101010
10101010
10101010
10101010
10101010
10101010
10101010
10101011
10101010
10101010
10101011
10101010
10101010
LLID
LLID
CRC
Slide 76
SA
L/T
Opcode
timestamp
FCS
Ethertype = 8808
Opcodes (2B) - presently defined:
GATE/REPORT/REGISTER_REQ/REGISTER/REGISTER_ACK
Timestamp is 32b, 16 ns resolution
conveys the sender's time at time of MPCPDU transmission
Data field is needed for some messages
PONs
Slide 77
Security
DS traffic is broadcast to all ONUs, so encryption is essential
easy for a malicious user to reprogram ONU to capture desired frames
Slide 78
GPON encryption
OLT encrypts using AES-128 in counter mode
Only payload is encrypted (not ATM or GEM headers)
Encryption blocks aligned to GTC frame
Counter is shared by OLT and all ONUs
46b = 16b intra-frame + 30 bits inter-frame
intra-frame counter increments every 4 data bytes
PONs
Slide 79
QoS - EPON
Many PON applications require high QoS (e.g. IPTV)
EPON leaves QoS to higher layers
VLAN tags
P bits or DiffServ DSCP
RT
EF
BE
GPON
PONs
Slide 80
QoS - GPON
GPON treats QoS explicitly
constant length frames facilitate QoS for time-sensitive applications
5 types of Transmission CONTainers
type 1 - fixed BW
type 2 - assured BW
type 3 - allocated BW + non-assured BW
PONs
Slide 81
PONs
Slide 82
Principles
GPON uses PLOAMd and PLOAMu as control channel
PLOAM are incorporated in regular (data-carrying) frames
Standard ITU control mechanism
EPON uses MPCP PDUs
Standard IEEE control mechanism
EPON control model - OLT is master, ONU is slave
OLT sends GATE PDUs DS to ONU
ONU sends REPORT PDUs US to OLT
PONs
Slide 83
Ranging
Slide 84
Ranging background
In order for the ONU to transmit at the correct time
the delay between ONU transmission and OLT reception
needs to be known (explicitly or implicitly)
Need to assign an equalization-delay
The more accurately it is known
the smaller the guard time that needs to be left
and thus the higher the efficiency
Assumptions behind the ranging methods used:
can not assume US delay is equal to DS delay
delays are not constant
due to temperature changes and component aging
Slide 85
PONs
Slide 86
time
OLT time
ONU time
T0
T0
T1
T2
PONs
Slide 87
Autodiscovery
OLT needs to know with which ONUs it is communicating
This can be established via NMS
but even then need to setup physical layer parameters
PONs employ autodiscovery mechanism to automate
discovery of existence of ONU
acquisition of identity
allocation of identifier
acquisition of ONU capabilities
measure physical layer parameters
agree on parameters (e.g. watchdog timers)
Autodiscovery procedures are complex (and uninteresting)
so we will only mention highlights
PONs
Slide 88
GPON autodiscovery
Every ONU has an 8B serial number (4B vendor code + 4B SN)
SN of ONUs in OAN may be configured by NMS, or
SN may be learnt from ONU in discovery phase
ONU activation may be triggered by
Operator command
Periodic polling by OLT
OLT searching for previously operational ONU
G.984.3 differentiates between three cases:
cold PON / cold ONU
warm PON / cold ONU
warm PON / warm ONU
Main steps in procedure:
ONU sets power based on DS message
OLT sends a Serial_Number request to all unregistered ONUs
ONU responds
OLT assigns 1B ONU-ID and sends to ONU
ranging is performed
ONU is operational
PONs
Slide 89
EPON autodiscovery
OLT periodically transmits DISCOVERY GATE messages
ONU waits for DISCOVERY GATE to be broadcast by OLT
DISCOVERY GATE message defines discovery window
registers ONU
assigns LLID
Slide 90
Failure recovery
PONs must be able to handle various failure states
GPON
if ONU detects LOS or LOF it goes into POPUP state
ONU is deregistered
PONs
Slide 91
PONs
Slide 92
GPON DBA
DBA is at the T-CONT level, not port or VC/VP
GPON can use traffic monitoring (passive) or status reporting (active)
There are three different status reporting methods
PONs
Slide 93
EPON DBA
OLT sends GATE messages to ONUs
GATE message
DA SA 8808 Opcode=0002 timestamp
Ngrants/flags
grants
Reports
REPORT message
DA SA 8808 Opcode=0003 timestamp
Nqueue_sets
PONs
Slide 94