CAD

Presented by
R. Hemanth Kumar
Asst. Professor
Mechanical Engineering

MET71 COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN (3 1 0 4)

Unit I
Design process - Morphology of design, Types of design models,
Application of design models, concurrent Engineering CAD
system architecture.
CAD Hardware: workstation CPU, mass storage, input devices
(keyboard, light pen, thumb wheel joy stick, mouse, digitizer
etc.,) and output devices (printers, plotters) Display Devices :
storage tube raster scan , vector refresh, plasma panel and
LCD.
(12 hours)
Unit II
Bresenhams line and circle algorithms. Transformation in
Graphics: co-ordinate system used in Graphics and windowing
and view port transformations, Clipping , hidden line elimination,
2D transformations rotation, scaling, translation, mirror,
reflection and shear - homogeneous
transformations concatenation, 3D Transformation
orthographic and Perspective Projections.
(12 hours)

Unit III
Classification of Geometric Modeling Wire frame, Surface and
Solid Modeling, applications
representation of curves and surfaces Parametric form
Design of curved shapes- Cubic spline
Bezier curve B-spline Design of Surfaces - features of Surface
Modeling Package - Solid
Primitives, CSG, B-rep and description of other modeling
techniques like Pure primitive
instancing, cell decomposition, spatial occupancy enumeration,
Boolean Operations (join, cut,
intersection), Creating 3D objects from 2D profiles (extrusion,
revolving etc)
(12 hours)

Unit IV
Standards for computer graphics (GKS) and Data exchange
standards IGES, STEP. Data
structures for Entity storage Data structures for interactive
modelling- Relational databases
introduction to SQL language . Role of OOPS in CAD. (12
hours)
Unit V
Expert Systems strategies for Knowledge Acquisition,
representation of knowledge Inference
schemes.
Parametric and variational modeling, Feature based modeling,
Design information system
An overview of modeling software like PRO-E, CATIA, IDEAS,
SOLID EDGE etc.
(12 hours)

Text Books :
1. Chris Mcmahon and Jimmie Browne - CAD/CAM
Principle Practice and Manufacturing Management,
2nd Edition, Addision Wesley England, 2000.
2. Sadhu Singh - Computer Aided Design and
Manufacturing, II Edition, KhannaPublishers, New
Delhi, 2008.
Reference Books:
3. P.Radhakrishnan et al - CAD/CAM/CIM, New Age
International P Ltd., New Delhi, 2006.
4. M.P.Groover and E.W.Zimmers - CAD/CAM;
Computer Aided Design and Manufacturing, Tata
McGraw Hill Publishing Co. Ltd., New Delhi, 2006.
5. Ibrahim Zeid - CAD/CAM Theory and Practice, Tata
McGraw Hill Publishing Co. Ltd., New Delhi, 2005.

UNIT I
INTRODUCTION TO CAD

CAD = Mechanical and Computer

technology
CAD - models
by geometrical parameters - altered by changing relevant
parameters.
Uses
CAD - designers - view objects variety of representations - test &
simulating real-world conditions.
Aid - design process like Modelling, Assembly, Drafting, Die
Design, Tool Design, Sheet metal, analysis of products.
Computer Aided Design (CAD) assist - engineering processes
such as creation, optimization, analysis and modifications.

Design Process:
consists of six identifiable steps or phases:
1. Recognition of need,
2. Definition of problem,
3. Synthesis,
4. Analysis and optimization ,
5. Evaluation,
6. Presentation

The general design process by shiegly

1. Recognition of need
problem exists for which some corrective action taken
defect in a current machine design
2. Definition of problem
specification of the item to be designed
physical and functional characteristics, cost, quality and
operating performance
2, 3, 4. Synthesis, Analysis and optimization
highly iterative in the design process
conceptualized, subjected to analysis, improved
redesigned
design optimized within the constraints imposed on

5, 6. Evaluation and Presentation

Evaluation is concerned with measuring the design against the
specifications in 2.
fabrication and testing of a prototype model to assess operating
performance, quality, reliability and other criteria
presentation of the design - documentation by - drawings,
material specifications, assembly lists * design data base
created
Product Development and Manufacture:
Machines involved Computers
Tasks information processing
Use assist in the definition and processing of information
connected with design of products

Process involved in bringing the product to Market

Models of the Design Process

I. Steps of the design process according to
Pahl and Beitz(1984)
II.The design process according to
Ohsuga

I.

Steps of the design process according to Pahl and Beitz (1984)

In this model the design process is described by a flow diagram

comprising four main phases which may be summarized as:

I. The design process according to Ohsuga

Application of design models:

This may be divided into two main classification
i. Evaluating actions
ii. Generative actions
Extract information + present model
A design analyst might use this for the following assessments:
o.A visual assessment
o. An assessment of the mass of the components, by using the CAD model
o.An evaluation of loads in the components, by considering them as parts of a
mechanism
o.An evaluation of stresses, for example using the finite element model.
o detailed drawings with components of the design, and from these, manufacturing
engineers = information for tooling and for the control of production machines.

Concurrent engineering:

Concurrent engineering or Simultaneous Engineering - cross functional team

approach
Adopted to improve the efficiency of product design and reduce the product
development cycle time.
Parallel Engineering.
Brings together a wide spectrum of people from several functional areas in the
design and manufacture of a product.
Representatives from R & D, engineering, manufacturing, materials management,
quality assurance, marketing etc. develop the product as a team.
All Depts do tasks in parallel
The team reviews the design from the point of view of marketing, process, tool
design and procurement, operation, facility and capacity planning, design for
manufacturability,

assembly,

testing

and

maintenance,

standardization,

procurement of components and sub-assemblies, quality assurance etc as the

design is evolved
bottleneck in the development process is thoroughly studied and rectified.

 All the departments get a chance to review the design and identify delays and
difficulties.
The departments can start their own processes simultaneously.
example, the tool design, procurement of material and machinery and recruitment and
training of manpower which contributes to considerable delay can be taken up
simultaneously as the design development is in progress. Issues are debated thoroughly
and conflicts are resolved amicably.
It gives marketing and other groups the opportunity to review the design during the
modeling, prototyping and soft tooling phases of development.
CAD systems especially 3D modelers can play an important role in early product
development phases. In fact, they can become the core of the CE.
CAD offers visual check when design changes cost the least.
Teamwork between product development, production planning and manufacturing is
essential for satisfactory implementation of Concurrent Engineering.

Teamwork Advantages
the co-operation between various specialists and systematic application of special
methods such as QFD (Quality Function Deployment), DFMA (Design for Manufacture
and Assembly) and FMEA (Failure Mode and Effect Analysis) ensures quick
optimization of design and early detection of possible faults in product and production
planning.
Reduction in lead time which reduces cost of production and guarantees better quality.

Comparison of Concurrent Engineering and Sequential Engineering

A comparison of concurrent and sequential engineering based on cost is attempted in
this section. The distribution of the product development cost during the product
development cycle is shown in Fig. This figure shows that though only about 15% of the
budget is spent at the time of design completion, whereas the remaining 85% is already
committed.
development cost and product cost can be
reduced by proper and careful design

IMPLEMENTATION OF CONCURRENT ENGINEERING

CAD system architecture:

Hardware: the computer and associated peripheral equipment
Software: the computer programs running on the hardware
Data: the data structure created and manipulated by the software:
Human Knowledge and activates

CAD System Architecture

Model definition: to add geometric elements to a model of the form of a

component;

Model manipulation: to move, copy, delete, edit or modify elements in models;

Picture generation: to generate images of the design model
User interaction: to handle commands input by user and to present output to the
user about the operation of the system;
Database management: for the management of the files that make database
Application: these elements of the software do not modify the design model, but
use it to generate information for evaluation, analysis or manufacture;
Utilities: a catch-all term for parts of the software that do not directly affect the
design model, but modify the operation of the system in some way (e.g to set the
color to be used for display, or the units to be used for construction of a part
model).

CAD Hardware
Workstation CPU
Mass storage Magnetic tape storage, Magnetic Disc
Storage, Magnetic drum storage
Input devices - (keyboard, light pen, thumb wheel, joy stick,
mouse, digitizer, Touch Screen, Track Ball) Output devices (printers, plotters)
Display Devices- (storage tube raster scan, vector refresh,
plasma panel and LCD)

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT:

CPU consists of three separate subsections
1. Control Unit
2. Arithmetic Logic unit
3. Memory

Control Unit:
The control unit = administrator in a computer.
It coordinates the operations of all other components.
It controls the input and output of information through I/O devices,
synchronizes the transfer of signals between the various sections.
Executive program, which is stored in memory.

Arithmetic Logic unit

The ALU provides the circuitry required to perform the various calculations
and manipulations of data.
Most ALUs can add and subtract, but latest ALUs = capable of
multifunctions and complex mathematical functions.
ALUs with simplex circuits are capable of being programmed to perform these
more complicated operations, but more computing time is required.
The more complex arithmetic logic units are faster, but these units are more
costly.

Memory
Binary storage units, organised into bytes.
The memory section stores all the instructions and data of a program.
Therefore the CPU must transfer these instructions and data. Two types
of memory
Main memory (primary storage)
Auxiliary memory (Secondary storage)

Mass storage
The most common device used for computer storage technologies are
Magnetic tape storage
Magnetic Disc Storage
Magnetic drum storage

Magnetic tape storage

Example of sequential access storage technology.
Data are stored on magnetic tape, similar to that used in audio
systems.
The major advantages of magnetic tapes are that is relatively
cheap when compared with other types of storage medium and
that it can easily hold large amount of data for its size.
Magnetic tape unlike punched paper tapes or cards can be used
again by simply overwriting previously stored data.
Since data are stored sequentially access time is relatively
slow.
However, the low cost per bit and high capacity of magnetic
tape make it ideal for system backup.
It is most suitable for applications, which may be required in payroll, personnel
management, inventory control and customer invoicing where a large amount of data is
to be processed sequentially

Magnetic Disc Storage

Magnetic disk storage is also known as a random access storage device.
The storage medium is a magnetically coated disk. There are several types and sizes
of disks each best suited to a particular set of applications.

Floppy Disc
Floppy disks come in two standard sizes: the larger one is 8 inches in diameter and
smaller is 5 inches and is referred to as mini floppy.
Magnetic Drum Storage
The magnetic drum is direct access storage device with high capacity and high
access rates. The magnetic drum consists of a magnetically coated cylinder during
operation. The drum is rotated at a constant speed and data are recorded in the form of
magnetized spots. The drum can be read repeatedly without causing data loss.

Input devices
Keyboard
Mouse
Light pen
Thumb wheel
Joy stick
Digitizer
Touch Screen
Track Ball

OUTPUT DEVICES
Printers
Plotters
PLOTTERS

PRINTERS
1. Impact printers
mechanical hammering device

Printingmechanisms:(a)withtypebars,(b)and(c)withouttypebars;(1)typebar,
(2)inkedribbon,(3)paper(recordingmedium),(4)platenforpaper,(5)spherical
printinghead,(6)hammer,(7)numeric(alphabetic)wheel

2. Inkjet printer

3. Laser printer

CATHODE RAYS TUBE:

The graphics display can be divided into two types based on the scan technology used to
control the electron beam.
Random Scan
Raster Scan

In Random scan graphics can be generated by drawing vectors or line segments on the
screen in a random order which is controlled by the user input and the software. The word
random indicates that the screen is not scanned in a particular order.

Raster Scan system, the screen is scanned from top to bottom, left to right all the time to
generate graphics. This is similar to home television scan system, thus suggesting the name
digital scan. The three existing CRT display that are based on these techniques are
i. Refresh display (calligraphic)
ii. Direct view storage tube
iii. Raster display

Refresh Display:
The refresh buffer stores the display file or program, which contains points,
lines, characters and other attributes of picture to drawn. These commands are
interpreted and processed by the display processor.
The electron beam accordingly excites the phosphor, which glows for a short
period. To maintain a steady flicker free image, the screen must be refreshed
or redrawn at least 30 to 60 times per second, that is, at a rate of 30 to 60 Hz.
The principal advantage to refresh displays is its high resolution (4096 x 4096)
and thus its generation of high quality pictures.
the need to refresh the picture places a limit on the number of vectors that can be
displayed without flicker
being a binary display, the refresh display is able to generate only two level of
color intensity.
In some displays, the intensity of the electron beam can vary to provide better
color capabilities.

Refresh Display:

Direct View Storage Tube (DVST):

Refresh display were very expensive in the 1960s due to the required refresh
buffer memory and fast display processor, and could only display a few
hundred vectors on the screen without flicker.
At the end of 1960s the DVST was introduced by Tektronix as an alternative
and inexpensive solution.
The DVST eliminates refresh processors completely and consequently the
refresh buffer used with refreshes display.
It also uses a special type of phosphor that has a long lasting glowing effect.
The phosphor is embedded in a storage tube.
In addition, the speed of the electron beam in the DVST is slower than in the
refresh display due to elimination of refresh cycle.
In the DVST the picture is stored as a charge in the phosphor mesh located
behind the screens surface.
Therefore, complex pictures could be drawn without flicker at high
resolution.
Once displayed, the picture remains on the screen until it is explicitly erased.
This is why the name storage tube was suggested.
In addition to the lack of selective erasure, the DVST cannot provide colors,
animation and use of light pen as an input device.

Direct View Storage Tube (DVST):

Raster Display:
The inability of the DVST to meet the increasing demands by
various CAD/CAM applications for colors, shaded images and
animation motivated hardware designer to continue searching for
a solution.
During the late 1970s raster display based on the standard
television technology began to emerge as a viable alternative.
The drop in memory price due to advances in solid states made
large enough refresh buffers available support high resolution
display.
A typical resolution of raster display is 1280 x 1204 with a
possibility to reach 4096 x 4096 as the DVST.

 Raster displays are very popular and nearly all recent display research
and development focus on them.
In raster display, the display screen area is divided horizontally and
vertically into matrix of small elements called picture element or pixel.
A pixel is a small addressable area on the screen.
An N x M resolution defines on a screen with N rows and M Columns.
Each row defines a scan line.
A rasterization process is needed in order to display either a shaded
area or graphics entities.
In this process the area or entities are converted into their
corresponding pixels whose intensity and color are controlled by the
image processing system.

Raster Display:

Working:
Images are displayed by converting geometric information into pixel values
which then converted into electron beam deflection through display processor
and deflection system.
If the display is monochrome, the pixel value is used to control the intensity
level or the gray level on the screen.
For color displays, the value is used to control the color mapping into a color
map.
The creation of transfer format data from geometric information is known as
scan conversion or rasterization.
A rasterizer that forms the image-creation system is mainly a set of scan
conversion algorithms.
Due to the universal need for these algorithms, the scan conversion or
rasterization process is implemented.

TWO MARKS:
UNIT I
1. Define design process.
2. Define morphology of design.
3. What are the types of design models?
4. What are the applications of design models?
5. Define concurrent engineering.
6. What are the applications of concurrent engineering?
7. What are the difference between sequential engineering and
concurrent engineering?
8. What are the advantages of concurrent engineering?
9. What are the steps in CAD system architecture?
10.Define CAD hardware?

11.What are the types of mass storage devices?

12.Name some input devices.
13.Name some output devices.
14.What are the types of display devices?
15.Define raster scan.
16.Define random scan.
17.What are the advantages of storage tube?
18.What are the disadvantages of storage tube?
19.What are the advantages of vector refresh?
20.What are the disadvantages of vector refresh?