PHONOLOGICAL

PROCESS
english phonology

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PHONOLOGICAL
PROCESS
A. INTRODUCTION

B. TYPES OF
PHONOLOGICAL
PROCESS

english phonology

A. I
NTR
OD
UCT
ION
ph
on
pro olo
ces gica
s
l

english phonology

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Phonological processes are pattern

drawn to simplify communication
rather than use complete accuracy.
sometimes, children
use these processes
while their speech
and language are
developing (Super Duper ,
2004)

A. INTRODUCTION
phonological process

for example

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I wuv
you,
Mommy!

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[wuv = Love]

Look Ma,
theres a
wabbit in
dads
pocket!
[wabbit = rabbit]

phonological process

Maaa..whe
re is my
baba ?
[baba =bottle]

B.the types

phonological process

assimilat
ion

voice on
set time
(VOT)

ellision

aspiratio
n

liaisons/
joining

neutraliza
tion

nasalizati
on

noncontiguo
us
assimilati
on

4
8
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phonological process

1. ASSIMILATION
when one sound is influenced and changed by a
neighboring sound. it also refers to cases in which
one sound affects the sound that appears on its left
side.
it happened because :
(A) the tongue cannot always move quickly enough to get
from one position in order to articulate the next sound

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ASSIMILATION
where the /t/ sound is
replaced by a /p/ sound
because the alveolar
plosive /t/ simplified into
the /p/ sound which was
closer to the bilabial plosive

ratbag /rpbg/
oatmeal / pmi:/

assimilati
on of
manner

when two different manners

of articulation influence each
other to form a different
manners which sometimes
combined each other

Indian / ndn/
shoulder /sld
(r)/

assimilati
on of
voice

when a voiced followed by

a voiceless consonant

assimilati
on of
place

have to /hft/

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3. when /t/ is followed by /p/,

it usually changes into
a /p/ sound
ex : that person
[pp:sn]

most common types

of assimilation..

4. when /t/ is followed by /b/,

it changed into a /p/
sound
ex : that boy [pb],
light blue [laipblu:]

1. when a /d/ sound

occurs before a /g/
sound,
ex : sad girl [sgg:l]

5. when a /d/ is followed

by /b/, it changed into a
/b/ sound
ex : good boy [gbb]

2. when /t/ is followed by /m/,

it usually changes into
a /p/ sound
ex : not me [npmi]

6. when a /d/ is followed

by /p/, it changed into a
/b/ sound
ex : [gbprkts]

phonological process

2. elision

refers to when a sound or syllable is lost or omitted. this

particularly affects :
consonant clusters
weak stresses syllables

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the cause of elision :

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phonological process

a. the loss of a weak vowel

after the voiceless
plosives /p/, /t/ and /k/. ex :
permit pronounced as [pmit]
b. when a weak vowel is elided
before the syllabic
consonants /l/, /m/, /n/ ands
sometimes /r/. ex : seven
pronounced as [sevn]
c. complex clusters are often
elided in order to simplify
the saying of the sound. ex :
the word clothes /klz/
elided to much simpler
pronunciation /klz/
d. elision for speeding up and
simplify the way we speak.
ex : horse shoe pronounced
[h:u:], this shoe [u:],
for those shoes [fuz]

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phonological process

3.Liaison/ joining
was occurred when two vowels meet over a word boundary, an extra letter is
frequently added in order to help transition.
ex : the teacher of the school /ti:trvsku:l/
the idea of
/aidirv/

divided into four :

1. CONSONANT VOWEL SEQUENCES
2. CONSONANT-CONSONANT SEQUENCES
3. VOWEL-VOWEL SEQUENCES
4. /t,d,s,z/ + /y/ SEQUENCES

phonological process

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1.CONSONANT VOWEL SEQUENCES

connecting words which ended with
consonants sound and the next words
are started with a vowel sound,
including the semivowels/w/, and /j/ and
the liquid /r/
my name is Ann /ma ne m zn/
American accent / mer k nksnt/
spelling and numbers
LA /eh le/
909-5068/ na n nan, fa v sk
set/

2. CONSONANT-CONSONANT
SEQUENCES

words are connected when a word

ends in a consonant sound and the
next word starts with a consonant
which is similar position of
articulation.
ex : I just didnt get the chance
/a dsddn ge tns/
Ive been late twice
/avbn letwas/

3. VOWEL-VOWEL SEQUENCES
when a word ending in a vowel sound is next
to one beginning with a vowel sound,
they are connected with a glide (or
sometimes the liquid /r/) between the two
vowels.
Go away
/g(w)we/
I also need the other one
/a(j)a:lse ni:d e(j) wn/
The idea of space travel is new
/adrv spes trvlz nu:/

4. /t,d,s,z/ + /y/
SEQUENCES
when the /t,d,s,z/ sounds are followed
by a word that starts with /j/, both
sounds are connected.

a) use /t/ instead of a /t/ sound

followed by a /j/ sound
what's your name?
/wtrnm/
cant you do it
/ knt du:t/

b) use /d/ instead of a /d/ sound

followed by a /j/ sound
what did you do?
/w(d)d du:/
whould you help me? /wd help mi:/

phonological process

c.) use // instead of a /s/ followed by

a /j/ sound
insurance
/nrns/
sugar
/ u:g/

b) use // instead of a /z/ sound followed by

a /j/ sound
hows your family?
/h fml/
whos your friend?
/hu: frend/

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4.
NEUTRALIZATION

when the article the is

followed by a vowel, its
final vowel is deemed to
be /i/
e.g. the orange
[irnd]

/i/ is also used in

unstressed words
followed by a word
beginning with a vowel
e.g. he asked [hiskt]

after some consonants /i/

is used. e.g. happy
[hpi], easy [i:zi]

the vowel /u/ is used when it

is in an unstressed syllable
followed by a vowel, or the
vowel like consonants
e.g. to ask [tusk]
who would [huwd]

/i/ is used in an
unstressed prefix that is
followed by a vowel
e.g. react [rikt]

when the ploives [p, t, k, b, d,

g] follow /s/ in syllable-initial
position, they become
neutralized
e.g. spill [sb]
still [sd]
skill [sg]

an unclear condition where the two sounds are being articulated.

ex : vowels
/u/ and /i/
consonants
/b/, /d/ and /g/
voiceless equivalents
/p/, /t/ and /k/
the contrast in the sounds
/s/ and /z/

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5. VOICE ON TIME
(VOT)

is the duration and period of

time between the release of a
plosive and the beginning of
vocal fold vibration
Zero
Positive
Negative
phonological process

OFFER
VARIETY
ADVANTAGE
VICTORY

OVER
VISION

and Z

and

and

the

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phonological process

Aspiration
If a plosive sound has a fairly long positive VOT
(longer than about 50ms), during this period air from
the lungs is travelling quite quickly through the vocal
tract. It is not slowed down either by the vocal folds
(which are open) nor by a constriction in the vocal
tract (because the plosive has been released. The
rapid airflow creates a weak friction noise

nasalization
occurred when a vowel is followed by a nasal
consonant
e.g. moon, room etc
a special kind when one nasal consonant
changes into another nasal consonant
e.g. impolite, imbalance, incomplete,
inglorious
non-contiguous assimilation

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phonological process

when sound affect another which is not adjacent or

close to it :
a. vowel harmony, the vowel of a suffix asimilates to
the vowel of a root
b. umlaut, the vowel of a root assimilates to the
vowel of a suffix

Is thereany

question?

phonological process

13D

PHONOLOGICAL PROCESS
GROUP 6 :
1. HAFID FILIAL AKBAR
(1371498)
2. HERMAWAN
(1371393)
3. IMAM HANAFI
(1371395)
4. ALFAGITYA B.M.S
(1371372)

REFERENCES :
Online Media
http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/johnm/siphtra/plostut2/pl
ostut2.htm
http://www01.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryoflinguisticterms/WhatIsVowel
Harmony.htm
http://www.google.com/url?
sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=3&cad=rja&uact=8&ved
=0CC8QFjAC&url=http%3A%2F%2Fktf2012.weebly.com%2Fuploads
%2F8%2F7%2F6%2F1%2F8761106%2Fmodule_stress_and_intonatio
n_facilitator.pdf&ei=cUFVVfWwJ4P9ugTC84C4Cw&usg=AFQjCNGRwG
YSN_K7mMPLFZEu2xB9ygLBA&sig2=9LcxpI174bvuW5b35cGyVw&bvm=bv.9356
4037,d.c2E

phonological_processes.pdf
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Hafid Filial Akbar
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FOR YOUR ATTENTION

phonological process

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