A Presentation on Training

Report at
Tata Teleservices Ltd
Presented by:

Ketul patel
Manish Shah
Internal Guide: Mr. Mehul Patel
External Guide: Mr. Paresh Panchal
Mr. Nayan Patel

Company Profile
Tata Teleservices Spearheads the Groups presence in
the Telecom sector. Incorporeted in 1996,TTSL was the
first to launch CDMA mobile services in India with the
Andhra Pradesh circle.
The Company offers services under the brand name
Tata Indicom .
Having pioneered the CDMA 3G1X technology platform
in India, Tata Teleservices has established a robust and
reliable telecom infrastructure that ensures quality in
its services. It has partnered with Motorola,
Ericsson,Lucent and ECI Telecom for the deployment of
a reliable, technologically advanced network.

Services Offered
TATA Indicom CDMA Mobile (Voice &Data)
Fixed Wireless Terminal ( For Limited
Mobility )
Data Card & USB Modem for Laptop & PCs
for High-speed Internet connectivity
Pay Telephone Booth
Fixed Wire line Phone Connection with
Broadband
ISDN Connections to Customer &
Corporates

A Brief History
Mobile telephony started with the need for
communication, to a person on the move.
The initial versions of Mobile phones worked on analog
technology (1G).
They worked on wide area broadcast principle similar
to a Radio or TV system.
Each Transmitter site covered large areas.

Multiple Access
Technologies
FDMA (example : Analog )
Frequency Division Multiple Access
each user has a private frequency

TDMA ( example: GSM )

Time Division Multiple Access
each user has private time and private
frequency

CDMA ( example : IS 95 , 1x)

Code Division Multiple Access

users co-mingle in time and frequency

but each user has a private code

What is CDMA?

Code division multiple access (CDMA) is a wireless

cellular technology
CDMA was adopted by the Telecommunications
Industry Association (TIA) in 1993
Uses the principle of spread spectrum
communication

CDMA Network
Architecture
PSTN
PSTN

IN

SMSC

IS-41C

HLR/

BTS
1X
Air-IF
BTS

BSC

MSC

AuC

Mobile
Station
BTS

PDSN

PLMN
PLMN
Internet

VMS

Other
MSC

CDMA Network
Architecture
The CDMA system primarily consists of
following basic networks
Core Switching Network
Radio Access Network
Packet Core Network
Adjuncts
Transmission Network

Core Switching Network

(CSN)

Mobile Switching Center (MSC)

Provides all of switching and signaling functions

Establishes call from and to MS within a services area as well as
different services area

Visitor Location Register (VLR)

The VLR contains the information (Users profile, users location

information etc) of subscribers who are attached to the system
which helps to make correct routing of (terminating) calls.

Home Location Register (HLR/AuC)

Database that stores and manages subscribers profiles.

Contain Electronic Serial Number (ESN), Mobile Identification
Number (MIN) etc and the restrictions for call making eligibility.
AuC handles subscriber authentication and encryption functions
for security purposes and inter works with MSC through HLR.

Radio Access Network

(RAN)

BSC ( Base Station Controller)

All radio resources are primarily managed by the BSC.

Handle connections to Mobile Stations.
It is connected with MSC for providing services to MS (Mobile Station) through BTS.
Also connected to the PDSN to provide packet data services to the MS.
Performs vocoding of the voice signal
Routes calls to the MSC.
Handles call control processes.
Traffic Handler, Power Control, Frame selection/distribution.

Radio Access Network

(RAN)

BTS ( Base Transceiver Station)

Provides transmission and reception of radio communication for

interfacing with the MS Provide the radio connection between
mobile users and the switch
Connected with Base Station Controller for providing services to
the MS.
Performs the CDMA processing of all signals including power.
BTS allocates radio resources.
Consists of 3 Sectors.

MS ( Mobile Station)

MS is the wireless terminal used by subscribers to access the

CDMA network over a radio interface.
The MS includes portable units, packet data access units, and
units installed in vehicles, and fixed Terminals.

Packet Core Network

(PCN)
PDSN (Packet Data Service node)
PDSN provides mobile communication subscribers
with packet data service through interface with
Internet network.

AAA (Authentication, Authorization and

Accounting)
It contains subscriber packet data provisioning
information and is used to authenticate and determine
the parameters of a subscribers packet data session.
AAA also generates Billing Records (UDRs - - - Usage
Data Records) for packet data usage.

Adjuncts
Adjunct systems provide value-added services
to the subscribers of the network.

Short Message Service Center (SMSC)

SMSC is responsible for the relaying, storing and forwarding of

short messages between the mobile station and other networks.

Voice Mailing System (VMS)

The VMS provides facilities to callers for recording voice messages

for retrieval later by the CDMA subscribers.

Adjuncts
Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC)
OMC performs operation and maintenance functions for all
elements in the network.

Customer Care and Billing System (CCBS)

CCBS collects and processes the charging data and manages call
information.

WIN( Wireless Intelligent Network)

Supports various features/services like prepaid, VPN, Free phone
etc.

OTAF ( Over The Air Function)

The OTAF is an entity that interfaces to the Customer Care to
support service-provisioning activities.

Transmission Network

Transmission Network provides physical connectivity between

different Network Elements. It provides the physical media
through which the data flows between two elements in a Network.

Types of Transmission Systems

Copper Wire

Copper pair is used to connect two communication elements through

Modems (BTS- Tx system )

Optical Fibre Communication System

Optical Fibre is used as a media between two network elements to carry

high bandwidth data upto 10 Gbps.
PDH optical Transmission System
SDH optical Transmission System

Microwave Communication System

Microwaves between 1 GHz to 30 GHz is used to connect two Elements.

PDH Microwave Radios & SDH Microwave Radios

TTSL Network in Gujarat

Ahmedabad

Rajkot

Baroda

Surat

Network Operations
Mainly consists of

Field Team

Ensures Network Availability

Fault Rectification
Preventive Maintenance
Project Roll Out
RF optimization

Operation & Maintenance Centre (OMC )- 24*7

Regional OMC of Gujarat in Ahmedabad

Network Alarm Monitoring
Fault Escalation & resolution
Database Configuration changes
Performance Monitoring and Analysis
Capacity Up gradation
Customer Complaints Resolution

BTS Site

BTS Shelter

BTS Equipment
Transmission Equipment ( Radios / Muxes )
Rectifiers
Battery Bank
ACs

DG
TOWER

RF cables
Microwave Antennas
BTS Sector Antennas
Aviation Lamp
Lightening Arrestor

STRUCTURE OF OMC

BASIC FUNCTIONS OF OMC

1. SITE MONITERING
2. FAULT MANAGEMENT
3. ALARM MONITORING
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

MOBILE SUBSCRIBER DATA ADMINSTRATION

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
CONFIGURATION CHANGES
BACKUPS
ANALYSIS REPORT ON NETWORK OUTAGES
CASCADING BTS SITES

BASIC FUNCTIONS OF OMC

Site Monitoring
In a particular node i.e. BSC or
remote BSC, there are a number of
sites defined depending upon the
coverage area and its density .A
particular site is divided into 3 sectors
having same frequencies in different
direction, all these sectors and sites
have a neighbouring relationship for
the purpose of handovers.

BASIC FUNCTIONS OF OMC

Alarm Monitoring
This is the prime function, which
continuously monitors the alarm
reported by all BTSs, BSCs, MSC and
other elements. It gives an audible
alarm for pre-set alarm conditions.
Alarms for field sites (BTSs and
BSCs) also include environmental
alarms, which are must for field
located sites as these are in cabins

BASIC FUNCTIONS OF OMC

Alarm Monitoring
and rooms which have supporting
accessories like power, air cons, and fire
hazards, security problems,since it is
not possible to man hundreds of fields
locates sites for these types of issues,
so these alarms are also reported to at
the OMCR form where again these are
reported back to the site engineers and
technicians for suitable action to be
taken to remove them.

BASIC FUNCTIONS OF OMC

Fault Management
Fault Management relates to the
software as well as hardware faults in
the MSC, BSC, HLR, BTS, and DLC.
Various faults occurring are
- Group Switch
Alarm
- Software Error Alarm

BASIC FUNCTIONS OF OMC

Fault Management
Mobile Subscriber Data Administration
OMC along with managing &
maintaining sites and their
corresponding alarms also manages the
mobile subscriber data and have the
authority of granting services to them
and also barring the same if need arises.
As in other functions in this also we have
a few commands that prints out the
services provided to the subscriber.

BASIC FUNCTIONS OF OMC

Network Analysis
The OMC also gives the data for
network performance which is an
indication of quality of service provided
to your customer. OMC gives statically
analysis of traffic like total calls made,
no of outgoing and incoming calls ,
incoming calls, MS to MS, MS to PSTN
calls etc, no calls dropped , traffic
loading on the loading etc.

BASIC FUNCTIONS OF OMC

Network Analysis
With this data the network quality is
observed, with which further network
expansion and other functions could be
planned effectively.
Configuration Changes
All the GSM network elements are highly
digital systems, with enormous software
control, so there is almost continuous
requirement of software changes in the
existing systems,

BASIC FUNCTIONS OF OMC

Configuration Changes
and also with expansion all the changes
are to be done form OMC. Ericsson has
defined a set of various command for
the purpose of expansion which may
include adding TRUs in a particular BTS,
a new E1 etc, this in turn depends upon
the performance analysis which gives
the traffic load in a particular channel,
congestion occurring in a particular site

BASIC FUNCTIONS OF OMC

Configuration Changes
In case of any need of expansion in the
BTS , in addition to an already existing BTS
cabinet that can hold up to 6 TRUs,
another cabinet is installed at the BTS ,
and the software for the same is loaded
from the OMC. In case of traffic exceeding
the limits, and impossibility of adding
TRUs, as an E1 can support TRUs only up
to a fixed value, a new E1 is added. In
case of extra traffic load, cascaded sites
are made independent having a separate
E1.

BASIC FUNCTIONS OF OMC

Backups
Backups are basically taken for the
purpose of redundancy. As the software
is loaded for all the hardware installed
which is very much prone to errors and
bugs, also the network changes are
being made continuously ,so it
becomes very essential to have a back
up, a duplicate copy of all the changes
made and that even very up to date.
There are two types of Backups:

BASIC FUNCTIONS OF OMC

Backups
Manual ( on OD- Optical disk)
Automatic( on Hard disk)
Backups taken can otherwise be
categorized as:
CP (Central Processor)
SP (Support Processor)

BASIC FUNCTIONS OF OMC

Backups
CP Backup contains software loaded in
CP, this is taken weakly. It also includes
information about new E1s added.
SP Backup are very important & critical
backups, its the backup of the software
of the exchange and data stored in it.
In case of any crash or errors in the
software loaded, it is reloaded by giving a
reset to the software in the exchange
which then picks up the last backup from
the OD.

BASIC FUNCTIONS OF OMC

Report On Outages
A report on the total outages of the day
is made on regular basis, on which the
analysis is done. Outages cover the total
number of sites down through out the
day, the time period for which it was
down and the main reason for the failure
of site. This analysis is basically done for
future improvement and development.
With this, in case of any hardware
problem or even software is taken care
of.

BASIC FUNCTIONS OF OMC

Cascading & Expanding Bts Sites
Cascading is the term used when the
same E1 shares two or more sites.
This is done in sites where the traffic
load is low and a single E1 is enough
to carry the traffic for all the
cascaded sites.

BASIC FUNCTIONS OF OMC

Cascading & Expanding Bts Sites
A single E1 has got 32 channels,
each channel having 8 time slots, so
in case of places where there is less
need of channels (low traffic), and a
single E1 can handle it well. With
doing so it saves the cost of putting a
new E1 for all the different sites, thus
proving to be economical for the
company

PRACTICAL WORK
1) Everyday at 9.30 am I have to go
company & start my training by
visiting different site in ahmedabad
city.
2) At that site I do some work like :
Alarms checking
Cable routing
E1 patching / removing

PRACTICAL WORK
Checking connectivity between IDU &
ODU
Radio installation
To insert login cable & check link to
other site
Antenna alignment
Make site in working condition

3) Types of Alarms:
Alarms 1) Minor :- No incoming signal
2) Major :- No outgoing
signal
3) OMU block
4) To give the INTERCOM facility at
CAMBAY I have check LOS by using GPS
device.
5) POWER PLANT & BATTERY BANK
installation at SHAPATH due to loss of
voltage.

6) I have done a VSWR measurement at

VRUDAVAN SHOPPING CENTRE at
manekchawk.
7) With help of OTDR(Optical Time Domain
Reflectometer) we can locate the OPTICAL
fault within particular FIBRE link by
radiating LASER from the source.
8) At some site I have (Juhapura,Nawab
complex)done antenna TILTING (Electrical
& Mechanical alignment) to solve the
coverage problem.

9) By observing FMS from MSC we can see

where & Which kind of problem occurred
and how to solve it quickly as possible as.
10)Went to the site, viramgam, to route
traffic. Connect the higher capacity
multiplexer [XDM-500] & Disconnect the
cable from [XDM-100].
11)Connect the higher capacity multiplexer in
SR-HOUSE.

12)Survey of line of sight of nearer BTS at

santej,shymal using GPS system
13)We went to NEWYORK TOWER,SG
Highway there TTSL provides wireless
services. It has intercom in fordshowroom.
By using PRI meter we detected the signal
from BTS the line was clear. The problem
was in EPBX(swiching).
14)In BTS, the replace the faulty LPA, In
place install new LPA, and unlock LPA by
the MSC.

15)AT NANO project, science city install COW

BTS, first install CDMA antenna,
and MW link antenna,also alignment
nearer MW antenna (BTS ).
16)Visited at paldi given DC power supply
(-48 v), purpose standby Ethernet line
(FOC line) in DLC.
17) I have done NMS(Network Management
System) from which we can check
REMOTELY other site ODU & IDU
confugration ,frequency plan etc.

NETWORK CONNECTIVITY

Land line to Landl line call

Land line to Mobile call
Mobile to landline call
Mobile to Mobile call

We have so far discussed the each unit

individually in the network. Now all this
unit work together to make a complete
communication. Considering each and
every form of communication in detail one
by one.

LAND LINE TO LAND

LINE
SAME OPERATOR
WITHINCALL
THE NETWORK

CALLING PARTY

CALLED PARTY

LAND LINE TO LAND LINE

CALL
A landline party called the number of
another landline phone of the same
operator and within that network. The
call is taken by the RLU of that area of
the called party. RLU sends it to the
Wire Line switch. If the called party is
near by the switch it transfers the call
directly to the called party over copper
cable. In case called party is far from
the switch, then the call is first routed to
the RLU of that location. From RLU the
call is transferred to the called party.

LAND LINE TO LAND LINE

CALL

This is the same case as of the

previous one. The only difference is
that the calling party is near at the
wire line switch. So it directly
connects to the switch, no need of
the RLU.

LAND LINE TO LAND LINE CALL

DIFFERENT OPERATOR WITHIN
THENETWORK

 POI: Point Of Interconnection, this unit

connects the different operators switch. So
that call connectivity can be possible in
case of different operators too.
When a calling party called a number
belongs to the other operator in that
network, call first goes to the RLU, which
route it to the wire line switch. After
knowing that it belongs to the other
operator, the call is transferred to the POI
for the interconnectivity with the other
operator. From that it is transferred to that
operators switch and then RLU, From RLU
to the called party.

LAND LINE TO LAND LINE

CALL

DIFFERENT NETWORK

LAND LINE TO LAND LINE

CALL
DIFFERENT NETWORK
When a calling party dials a number
to the subscriber that belongs to the
other network, then call is
transferred from RLU to the Wire Line
Switch. There it judges that it
belongs to the other network, so it
route it to the switch of that network.
From there it transfers to the RLU
and then to the called party.

LAND LINE TO MOBILE

CALL
SAME OPERATOR

LAND LINE TO MOBILE

CALL
PSTN: Public Switch Telephone Network. It
represents the wire line network.
When a landline subscriber called to a
mobile party, the call is routed from
landline phone to the MSC with the help of
PSTN. PSTN can consist of the many RLU
and many wire line switch depending upon
the requirement. At MSC first of all
authentication takes place, after valid
authentication it routes the connection to
the BTS of that area, where mobile is
moving. From BTS the connection is routed
to the mobile phone.

LAND LINE TO MOBILE

CALL

LAND LINE TO MOBILE

CALL

1. A call for the mobile station arrives from

the PSTN to the MSC.
2. The MSC queries the HLR about the mobile
stations location and status. The status
indicates whether mobile is powered up or
down. The location indicates in which cell
or zone the mobile is currently is located.
3. The MSC sends a paging message to the
mobile station through the BTS. The BTS
transmits a paging message over the air.

LAND LINE TO MOBILE

CALL
4. The MSC authenticates and set up
the security to the mobile station.
5. The BSC allocates radio resources.
6. To alert the subscriber, the BSC
instructs the mobile to start
generating a ringing tone by sending
an alert message.
7. When the subscriber answers,
message is sent to the MSC. Now the
two parties are connected.

LAND LINE TO MOBILE

CALL
DIFFERENT OPERATOR

LAND LINE TO MOBILE

CALL
DIFFERENT OPERATOR
In case of the different operators,
first call is routed from calling party
to the POI with the help of the PSTN
network. POI connects different
operators. Now the call is routed to
the other operators MSC. From there
it transfers to the corresponding BTS.
BTS sends signal to the mobile
handset of the called party.

MOBILE TO LANDLINE
SAME OPERATOR

When a mobile subscriber called to a landline phone of the same

operator, then the call is transferred to the MSC with the help of the
BTS. MSC route it to the PSTN network. Which routed it to the landline
phone

MOBILE TO LANDLINE
Call setup(Base station controller)

MOBILE TO LANDLINE
The call set up procedure is
explained below:
1. The mobile station sends an origination
message to the MSC through the BTS.
2. The MSC authenticates and sets up
security to the mobile station.
3. BSC allocates radio resources for traffic
channel.
4. Now MSC initiates the call with the help
of the PSTN network.
5. Call set up successfully, then the MSC
connects the two parties.

MOBILE TO MOBILE CALL

SAME OPERATOR

When a mobile call is made to other mobile within the same operator, then
call is first routed to the MSC with the help of the BTS. MSC routes it to the
corresponding BTS, which transfers it to the mobile handset.

MOBILE TO MOBILE CALL

OTHER OPERATOR

When mobile to mobile call between different operators, first the call is
routed to the MSC through BTS. Then it transfers call to POI. POI provides
interconnectivity between different operators. POI transfers call to the other
MSC. After MSC the call is transferred to the called mobile phone with the

Home Automation Control

System Using DTMF
Telephone Line

 Simply plugs into your telephone line*

and
provides 4 independently controllable
relay
outputs. You can then call your number
using a DTMF (tone dialling) telephone
from anywhere in the world and remotely
turn on/off any of the relays as desired.

 This device connects to the telephone

line and can be used to remotely
control up to 4 relay outputs using a
DTMF (tone dialing) telephone. A
number of user settings are available
to improve the usability and security
of the device..
The unit is controlled by an Atmel
89C2051 microcontroller.

 It is possible to connect a wide

variety of devices to the relays for
example security lights, heating and
pump controllers, computers, etc.
The user can set a 4-digit security
Password, Tamper facility, number of
Rings to Answer, Auto Hang-up time
and Lockout facility. Compatible with
all European, North American and
Asian phone networks.
Supplied with a high quality custom
made case.

Basic Network Element

WHY IS CDMA BETTER---------?

A few of the benefits of CDMA are

Superior voice quality (with EVRC)

Better reception with less background noise,
Fewer dropped calls,
Enhanced security and greater reliability.
Also, CDMA allows for more users to be on the system at once

Greater network capacity,

Resulting in fewer blocked calls for the users of a
CDMA network.

INTRODUCATION TO SDH &

PDH
What is E1?
E1 is a digital communication link that
enables the transmission of voice, data, and
video signals at the rate of 2.048 Mbps.
It was introduced in the 1960s.
E1: Speech signal Fm= 4 kHz
So from sampling theorem the freq = 2*Fm =
8 kHz
Now 1 byte is = 8 bit
Each channel have a rate of 8 kHz * 8 bit =
64 kbps
There are 32 channels.
So the total rate is 32*64 kbps = 2.048 MBPS.

What is T1 frame ?
At 8000 frames per second.
Bit per frames (24 * 8)+1 =193
Bit rate 8000*193=1.544 MBPS
Frame duration :125 microseconds
Bit time : 647.7 nanoseconds
Channel rate : (8000*8)=64 Kbps

What is PDH?

What is PDH?
PDH stands for plesiochronous Digital
Hierarchy. Plesiochronous means almost
synchronous (same bit rate but not
synchronized to common master clock). As
you can see in the graphic, the multiplexer
inputs have signals (tributaries) with
different clock sources. Then it uses
internal timing to generate a higher rate
signal which contains the different
tributaries.

Primary Rate on A PDH

System

Depends on the country

Primary rate refers to the basic rate
on which the multiplexing system is
based on. For ITU transmission
networks, the primary rate is 64
Kbps. This rate will be multiplexed to
the first level of the PDH hierarchy
and transmitted at a higher rate.
Then, it is a multiplexed to the fourth
level of the hierarchy.

Primary Rate on A PDH

System

Hierarchy Levels of PDH System

The multiplexing structure for the
ITU-PDH system is shown in the fig.

SDH (SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL HIERACHY)

SDH is A Standard For Speed-High
Capacity Optical Telecommuncation
Network Based On Synchronous
Multiplexing.
IT ALSO SUPPORT ELECTRICAL &
MICROWAVE COMMUNCATION ACCORDING
TO USERS REQURIEMNET.
SDH Multiplex Law Bit Rate Digital Signals
To Higher Bit Rate and Transmit Large
Information Efficiently.

SDH (SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL HIERACHY)

It works on a single clock source.
This standard is common to all
countries so no need for extra effort
for matching.
SDH is a synchronous digital
transport system with a built in
management channel for remote
management of complex topologies.

Why use SDH?

With the introduction of PCM

technology in the 1960s,
communications networks were
gradually converted to digital
technology over the next few years.
To cope with the demand for ever
higher bit rates, a multiplex
hierarchy called the plesiochronous
digital hierarchy (PDH) evolved.

Why use SDH?

The bit rates start with the basic multiplex
rate of 2 Mbit/s with further stages of 8, 34
and 140 Mbit/s.
In North America and Japan, the primary
rate is 1.5 Mbit/s. Hierarchy stages of 6
and 44 Mbit/s developed from this.
Because of these very different
developments, gateways between one
network and another were very difficult
and expensive to realize. The 1980s saw a
start in the development of the
synchronous digital hierarchy(SDH), with
the intention of eliminating the
disadvantages inherent in PDH.

Why SDH NEDDED?

Plesynchronous digital hierarchy(PDH) is
an older version when mainly point to
point transmission was the main network
application.
But as subscriber go on increasing and
system become wireless, it is very
complex & costly network and it is not
possible to handle manually.

Why SDH:

To cope up the demand of higher bit rate

SDH technology is introduced.

 The fig. itself shows that in PDH point

to point wired connection is there
while with SDH there is one
equipment only, having facility of
connection
In SDH it is possible to connect and
all fault management can be done
easily.

Multiplexing hierarchy

 As shown in fig. in PDH system we

are using a set of multiplexer and
equal no. of demultiplexer.
So we have to demux all the
channels though we require only one
or two.
So SDH is a faster, cost effective and
simple system

Advantages of SDH Over

PDH:

Higher Transmission rate:

Transmission rate up to 10 Gbps can
be achieved by the modern SDH
system. SDH is therefore considered
to be more suitable for backbone.
Simplified Add/Drop function:
Compared with older PDH system, it
is much easier to insert and extract
low bit rate channels from or into the
high-speed bit streams in SDH.

Advantages of SDH Over

PDH:
High availability and capacity matching:
With SDH network providers can react
quickly and easily to the requirements of
their customers.
Reliability:
Modern SDH networks include various
back-up and repair mechanisms to cope up
with system faults.
Interconnection:
SDH makes it much easier to set up
gateways between different network
providers and to SONET systems.