Normal Stress (1.1-1.

5)
MAE 314 Solid Mechanics
Yun Jing

Normal Stress

Pretest

This is a structure which was designed to support a 30kN load, it

consists of a boom AB and of a rod BC. The boom and rod are
connected by a pin at B and are supported by pins and brackets at A
and C. (1) Is there a reaction moment at A? why? (2) What is the
reaction force in the vertical direction at A? (3) What is the internal
force in AB? (4) What is the internal force in BC?

Statics Review

Pins = no rxn moment

Normal Stress

Statics Review
Solve for reactions at A & C:
M C 0 Ax 0.6 m 30 kN 0.8 m
Ax 40 kN

Fx 0 Ax C x
C x Ax 40 kN

Fy 0 Ay C y 30 kN 0
Ay C y 30 kN

Ay and Cy can not be determined

from these equations.

Normal Stress

Statics Review
Consider a free-body diagram for the
boom:
M B 0 Ay 0.8 m
Ay 0

substitute into the structure

equilibrium equation
Bx

C y 30 kN

Results:
A 40 kN C x 40 kN C y 30 kN

See section 1.2 in text for complete static analysis and review of
method of joints.
Normal Stress

Normal Stress

Introduction to Normal Stress

Methods of statics allow us to determine

forces and moments in a structure, but
how do we determine if a load can be
safely supported?

Factors: material, size, etc.

Need a new concept.Stress

Normal Stress

Introduction to Normal Stress

Stress = Force per unit area

Normal Stress

Introduction to Normal Stress

If stress varies over a cross-section, the resultant

of the internal forces for an axially loaded
member is normal to a section cut perpendicular
to the axis. Thus, we can write the stress at a
point as
F
lim
A0

We assume the force F is evenly distributed

over the cross-section of the bar. In reality
F = resultant force over the end of the bar.

dA F
A

Normal Stress

Introduction to Normal Stress

Sign convention

0
0

Tensile (member is in tension)

Compressive (member is in compression)

Units (force/area)
English:
lb/in2 = psi
kip/in2 = ksi
SI:

Tensile

N/m2 = Pa (Pascal)
kN/m2 = kPa
MPa, GPa, etc.

Compressive

Normal Stress

10

Definitions and Assumptions

Homogenous: material is the same throughout the bar

Cross-section: section perpendicular to longitudinal axis of
bar
A
F

Prismatic: cross-section does not change along axis of bar

Prismatic

Non-Prismatic

Normal Stress

11

Definitions and Assumptions

Uniaxial bar: a bar with only one axis

Normal Stress (): stress acting perpendicular to the crosssection.

Deformation of the bar is uniform throughout. (Uniform

Stress State)

Stress is measured far from the point of application.

Loads must act through the centroid of the cross-section.

Normal Stress

12

Definitions and Assumptions

The uniform stress state does not apply near the

ends of the bar.

Assume the distribution of normal

stresses in an axially loaded
member is uniform, except in the
immediate vicinity of the points of
application of the loads
(Saint-Venants Principle).

Normal Stress

Uniform Stress

13

Definitions and Assumptions

How do we know all loads must act through the

centroid of the cross-section?

Let us represent P, the resultant force, by a

uniform stress over the cross-section (so that
they are statically equivalent).

Normal Stress

14

Definitions and Assumptions

Moments due to :
Mx

ydA
A

M y xdA
A

My
MM
y
Set M
Mxx =MMx x and
y = My

1
1
y ydA ydA
PA
AA
1
1
x xdA xdA
PA
AA

Normal Stress

Equations for the centroid

15

Example Problem

Can the structure we used for our statics review safely

support a
30 kN load? (Assume the entire structure is made of steel with a
maximum allowable stress all=165 MPa.)

Cross-section 30 mm x 50 mm

Normal Stress

16

Example Problem

Two cylindrical rods are welded together and loaded as

shown. Find the normal stress at the midsection of each
rod.

d1 50 mm
d 2 30 mm

Normal Stress

17

Shearing and Bearing

Stress (1.6-1.8, 1.12)
MAE 314 Solid Mechanics
Yun Jing

Shearing and Bearing Stress

18

What is Shearing Stress?

We learned about
normal stress (), which
acts perpendicular to
the cross-section.
Shear stress () acts
tangential to the
surface of a material
element.

Normal stress results

in a volume change.

Shear stress results

in a shape change.

Shearing and Bearing Stress

19

Where Do Shearing Stresses Occur?

Shearing stresses are commonly found in bolts,

pins, and rivets.
Bolt is in single
shear

Free Body Diagram of Bolt

Force P results in shearing

stress
Force F results in bearing
stress (will discuss later)
Shearing and Bearing Stress

20

Shear Stress Defined

We do not assume is uniform over the crosssection, because this is not the case.

is the average shear stress.

P F
ave A A

The maximum value of may be considerably

greater than ave, which is important for design
purposes.
Shearing and Bearing Stress

21

Double Shear
Bolt is in double
shear

Free Body Diagram of Bolt

Free Body Diagram of Center

of Bolt

ave

Shearing and Bearing Stress

F
P
F
2
A
A
2A

22

Bearing Stress

Bearing stress is a normal stress, not a shearing stress.

Thus,

P P
b

Ab td

Single shear case

where
Ab = projected area where bearing pressure is applied
P = bearing force
Read section 1.8 in text for a detailed stress analysis of
aShearing
structure.
and Bearing Stress
23

Would like to determine the

stresses in the members
and connections of the
structure shown.
From a statics analysis:
FAB = 40 kN (compression)
FBC = 50 kN (tension)
Must consider maximum
normal stresses in AB and
BC, and the shearing stress
and bearing stress at each
pinned connection

Rod & Boom

Normal
Stresses
The rod is in tension with an axial force of 50 kN.
At the rod center, the average normal stress in the circular
cross-section (A = 314x10-6m2) is BC = +159 MPa.

At the flattened rod ends, the smallest cross-sectional

area occurs at the pin centerline,
A 20 mm 40 mm 25 mm 300 10 6 m 2
P
50 103 N
BC ,end
167 MPa
A 300 10 6 m 2

The boom is in compression with an axial force of 40 kN

and average normal stress of 26.7 MPa.
The minimum area sections at the boom ends are
unstressed since the boom is in compression.

Pin Shearing Stresses

The cross-sectional area for pins at A, B,
and C,
25 mm
A r

491 10 6 m 2

The force on the pin at C is equal to the

force exerted by the rod BC,
P
50 103 N
C , ave
102 MPa
A 49110 6 m 2

The pin at A is in double shear with a total

force equal to the force exerted by the
boom AB,
A,ave

P
20 kN

40.7 MPa
A 49110 6 m 2

Pin Shearing Stresses

Divide the pin at B into sections to determine the
section with the largest shear force,
PE 15 kN
PG 25 kN (largest)

Evaluate the corresponding average shearing

stress,
B, ave

PG
25 kN

50.9 MPa
A 49110 6 m 2

Pin Bearing Stresses

To determine the bearing stress at A in the boom AB, we
have t = 30 mm and d = 25 mm,
b

P
40 kN

53.3 MPa
td 30 mm 25 mm

To determine the bearing stress at A in the bracket, we

have t = 2(25 mm) = 50 mm and d = 25 mm,
b

P
40 kN

32.0 MPa
td 50 mm 25 mm

Equilibrium of Shear Stresses

Consider an infinitesimal element of material. Apply a single

shear stress, 1.

Total shear force on surface is (1)bc.

For equilibrium in the y-direction, apply

1 on (-) surface.

For moment equilibrium about the z-axis,

apply 2 on top and bottom surfaces.

1 (bc)a
Moment equilibrium equation about z-axis:

2
2 (ac)b

Thus, a shear stress must be balanced by three other stresses

for the element to be in equilibrium.

1 2

Shearing and Bearing Stress

29

Equilibrium of Shear Stresses

What does this tell us?

Shear stresses on opposite (parallel) faces of an element are

equal in magnitude and opposite in direction.
Shear stress on adjacent (perpendicular) faces of an element
are equal in magnitude and both point towards or away from
each other.

Sign convention for shear stresses

Positive face normal is in (+) x, y, or z direction

Negative face - normal is in (-) x, y, or z direction
Face

Direction

Shear
Stress

Shearing and Bearing Stress

1
-

2
30

Define General State of Stress

y

x = stress in x-direction applied in the plane normal to x-axis

y = stress in y-direction applied in the plane normal to y-axis
z = stress in z-direction applied in the plane normal to z-axis
xy = stress in y-direction applied in the plane normal to x-axis
xz = stress in z-direction applied in the plane normal to x-axis
zy = stress in y-direction applied in the plane normal to z-axis
And so on
Shearing and Bearing Stress

31

Define General State of Stress

y

There are 9 components of stress:

x, y, z, xy, xz, yx, yz, zx,

zy

As shown previously, in order to maintain equilibrium:

xy= yx, xz = zx, yz = zy

There are only 6 independent stress components.

Shearing and Bearing Stress

32

Example Problem

A load P = 10 kips is applied to a rod supported as

shown by a plate with a 0.6 in. diameter hole.
Determine the shear stress in the rod and the
plate.

Shearing and Bearing Stress

33

Example Problem

Link AB is used to support the end of a horizontal beam. If

link AB is subject to a 10 kips compressive force determine
the normal and bearing stress in the link and the shear
stress in each of the pins.

b 2 in
t 1 4 in
d 1 in

Shearing and Bearing Stress

34

Oblique Planes and Design

Considerations (1.11, 1.13)
MAE 314 Solid Mechanics
Yun Jing

Oblique Planes and Design Considerations

35

Stress on an Oblique Plane

What have we learned so far?

Axial forces in a two-force member cause normal

stresses.

Transverse forces exerted on bolts and pins cause

shearing stresses.

Oblique Planes and Design Considerations

36

Stress on an Oblique Plane

Axial forces cause both normal and shearing stresses on

planes which are not perpendicular to the axis.

Consider an inclined section of a uniaxial bar.

The resultant force in the axial direction

must equal P to satisfy equilibrium.

The force can be resolved into components perpendicular

to the section, F, and parallel to the section, V.

F P cos
V P sin
A0 is A cos A A0 / cos
The area of the section
Oblique Planes and Design Considerations

37

Stress on an Oblique Plane

We can formulate the average normal stress on the

section as

F
P cos
P

cos 2
A A0 / cos A0

The average shear stress on the section is

V
P sin
P

sin cos
A A0 / cos A0

Thus, a normal force applied to a bar on an inclined

section produces a combination of shear and normal
stresses.
Oblique Planes and Design Considerations

38

Stress on an Oblique Plane

Since and are functions of sine and cosine, we

know the maximum and minimum values will occur at
= 00, 450, and 900.

P
sin cos
A0

P
cos 2
A0

At =900

=0

At =900

=0

At =450

=P/2A0

At =450

=P/2A0 (max)

At =00

=P/A0 (max)

At =00

=0

Oblique Planes and Design Considerations

39

Stress on an Oblique Plane

What does this mean in reality?

Oblique Planes and Design Considerations

Design Considerations

From a design perspective, it is important to

know the largest load which a material can hold
before failing.

This load is called the ultimate load, Pu.

Ultimate normal stress is denoted as u and

ultimate shear stress is denoted as u.

Pu
u
A

Pu
u A

Oblique Planes and Design Considerations

41

Design Considerations

Often the allowable load is considerably smaller than the

ultimate load.

It is a common design practice to use factor of safety.

F .S .

ultimate load
allowable load

F .S .
u
allowable stress all
ultimate stress

F .S .

Pu
Pall
ultimate stress

allowable stress

Oblique Planes and Design Considerations

u
all

42

Example Problem

Two wooden members are spliced as shown. If the

maximum allowable tensile stress in the splice is 75
psi, determine the largest load that can be safely
supported and the shearing stress in the splice.

Oblique Planes and Design Considerations

43

Example Problem

A load is supported by a steel pin inserted into a

hanging wooden piece. Given the information below,
determine the load P if an overall factor of safety of
3.2 is desired.
u _ wood 60 MPa (in tension)
u _ wood 7.5 MPa
u _ steel 145 MPa
b 40 mm
c 55 mm
d 12 mm

Oblique Planes and Design Considerations

44