OSH 1162:

MATHEMATICS
by miss najwa

CHAPTER
CHAPTER1:
1:

Algebra
Algebra

Algebra
Algebra
1.1
1.1

Introduction to Algebra
Introduction to Algebra

Formulate Algebraic Equations in One

Formulate Algebraic Equations in One
1.2 Unknown
1.2 Unknown
Formulate Algebraic Equations in One
Formulate Algebraic Equations in One
1.3 Unknown
1.3 Unknown

Formulate Algebraic Equations in One

Formulate Algebraic Equations in One
1.4 Unknown
1.4 Unknown

1.1 Introduction To Algebra

A) Using Letters To Represent Number

1. In algebra, we can use letters to represent numbers. The
number represented by a letter is called an unknown.
2. Expressions formed by numbers, unknowns and the
signs +, , , etc. are called algebraic expressions.

1.1 Introduction To Algebra

A student buys 4 boxes of building block and 10 pieces of

screw for his science project. If each box of building block
already has m pieces of screw inside, use algebraic
language to write the total number of screw that student
has now.
SOLUTION
The total number of students screw
now

= 4 m + 10
= 4.m + 10
= 4m + 10

1.1 Introduction To Algebra

Aina is t years old now and her brother is 4 years older than her. Use
algebraic language to write the sum of the ages of Aina and her brother.

SOLUTION
The age of her brother
The sum of the ages of Aina and her
brother

=t+4
=t+t+4

1.1 Introduction To Algebra

B) The Advantages of Using Algebraic Language

1. It is simple and direct, so it is easy to read and understand.
2. It can be an international language.

1.1 Introduction To Algebra

Word phase

Algebraic expression

1. Add 9 to an unknown
number.

x+9

2. Subtract 6 from an
unknown number and
multiply the difference
by 2.
3. Divide an unknown even
number by 2 and then
add 1 to the quotient.

(y 6)
2

(z 2)
+1

1.1 Introduction To Algebra

Represent

each of the following word phrases by an

algebraic expression. Use the letter to represent the
unknown.
(a) Multiply a number by 6 and add 3 to the product.
(b) Divide a number by 4 and then subtract 5 from the
SOLUTION
quotient

(a) 6 + 3
(b) - 5

1.1 Introduction To Algebra

C) More About Algebraic Expression

1. For the algebraic expression x + 2y 3x + 5,
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.

x, 2y, 3x, 5 are the terms of the algebraic expression,

5 is the constant term,
x and 3x are like terms,
x and 2y is a pair of unlike terms.

1.1 Introduction To Algebra

C) More About Algebraic Expression

2. In an algebraic expression,
i.numbers and letters that are separated by the signs
or are not considered as two different terms
E.g. +2 a (can be written as +2a) is considered as
one term.
ii.the + sign before a single term or the first term is
usually skipped. E.g. +2a is written as 2a, +7b 6
is written as 7b 6.

1.1 Introduction To Algebra

C) More About Algebraic Expression

3. In an algebraic expression,
i. like terms can be combined by addition, subtraction,
multiplication or division
ii.unlike terms, on the other hand, can be combined by
multiplication or division.

1.1 Introduction To Algebra

How many terms are there in the algebraic expression

2 a + 5 a 6 4a b + 5 7 ?
Identify the terms as constant term, like terms and unlike
terms.
SOLUTION
There are 4 terms in the algebraic expression
2 a + 5 a 6 4a b + 5 7 which is
+2 a
(or simply 2a), +5 a 6 (or
+2 a
(or simply 2a),
simply
+5 7 ), (or simply
4a b (or simply 4ab),
35).
+5 7
(or simply
4a b (or simply 4ab),
35).

1.1 Introduction To Algebra

SOLUTION
Constant
term :
Like term
:
Unlike term
:

35
2a and
2a and 4ab ;
2a and 35 ;
and 4ab ;
and 35 ;
4ab and 35 ;

1.1 Introduction To Algebra

intends to save $100 every week. Use an algebraic

Dick

expression to represent each of the following answers.

a. After weeks, how much has he saved?
b. If Dick takes out $25 each week and spends the money
on food, how much has he saved after weeks?
c. If Dick takes out $100 from his total savings after weeks
and spends the money on toys, find the actual amount
that Dick has saved after weeks.

1.1 Introduction To Algebra

SOLUTION
(a)After

weeks, the amount that Dick has saved

= $100
(b)Since Dick takes out $25 each week on food, the
actual amount that he saves each week
= $(100 25) = $75
The amount that he has saved after weeks
= $75

1.1 Introduction To Algebra

SOLUTION
(c)
From part (a), the amount that Dick has saved after
weeks
= $100
But he takes out $100 to buy toys,
the actual amount that he has saved after weeks
= $(100 100)

1.2 Algebraic Equation in One

Unknown

A) Formulate Algebraic Equations in One Unknown

1. An equation contains an equal sign = and also one or more
unknowns.
2. The equation that contains one unknown only is called an
algebraic equation in one unknown.
3. To solve an equation is to find the value of the unknown in
that equation. That value is called the solution of the
equation.
4. To find the solution of an equation is to solve the equation.

1.2 Algebraic Equation in One

Unknown

In each of the following, formulate an algebraic equation

to find the value of the unknown.
(a)The cost of a doll is $x and that of a ball is $25. It is
known that the total cost of the doll and the ball is
$43.
(b)There are 150 candies in a jar. Kenny has y jars of
candies and it is known that he has 600 candies.
SOLUTION
(a)x + 25 = 43, x = 18
(b)150y = 600, y = 4

1.2 Algebraic Equation in One

Unknown

B) Properties of Equations
For
three numbers a, b and c, if a = b, then
1.

a+c=b+c

3. ac = bc

4. =

2. a c = b c
(where c 0)

1.2 Algebraic Equation in One

Unknown

There are a red flowers and b yellow flowers in the vase.

Mrs Law picks c red flowers and c yellow flowers from the
vase. How many red flowers and yellow flowers in the
vase now? If the original numbers of red flowers and
yellow flowers are the same, write down the relationship
between the numbers of the flowers by using the
SOLUTION
algebraic expression.
Numbers of flowers in the vase:
Red flowers = a c
; Yellow flowers = b c
If the original numbers of red flowers and yellow flowers
are the same, then a c = b c

1.2 Algebraic Equation in One

Unknown

Helen has a pears and b oranges. She divides the pears

and oranges among her brothers. It is known Helen has c
brothers. How many pears and oranges that each of
Helens brothers can get? If the numbers of pears and
oranges are the same, write down the relationship
between the numbers of the fruits by using the algebraic
SOLUTION
expression.
Numbers of fruits that each of Helens brothers can get:
Pears = ;
Oranges = ;
If the numbers of pears and oranges are the same, then

1.2 Algebraic Equation in One

Unknown

C) Solving Algebraic Equations in One Unknown

1. We may apply guessing and checking or apply the same
operation to the two sides of the equation to solve
algebraic equations.
2. Skills to solve algebraic equation
i. Transposing Terms
ii. Removing Brackets
iii. Cancelling Denominators

1.2 Algebraic Equation in One

Unknown

C) Solving Algebraic Equations in One Unknown

2. Skills to solve algebraic equation
i. Transposing Terms
The terms in an equation can be transposed from one side of
the equal sign to the other. At the same time, the signs of
the terms must be change
For example:
If x a = b, after transposing terms, we have x = b + a.
If x + a = b, after transposing terms, we have x = b a.
If a = b x, after transposing terms, we have x + a = b.

1.2 Algebraic Equation in One

Unknown

C) Solving Algebraic Equations in One Unknown

2. Skills to solve algebraic equation
ii. Removing Brackets
When brackets are involved in an equation, they
should be removed first in order to simplify the
equation.
In general, we can remove brackets in the following
way:
a(b + c) = ab + ac

OR (b + c)a = ba + ca