Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Trucks
Locomotives
And now passenger cars
Ships
Stationary Applications
Power generation
Pump sets in agriculture
Refinery Capacity
Increased consumption of diesel fuel will increase
crude oil consumption because diesel oil density
is more.
Refinery energy consumption decreases slightly as
diesel production increases (according to one
estimate).
But to cater to increase diesel production, existing
facilities must be expanded and will increase
costs (so lower diesel cost benefit will be lost).
But there could be a reduced crude oil usage with
increased diesel production.
PERTAMINA PRODUCT
Products Pertamina downstream
consisting of fuel oil (BBM), non-fuel, Gas,
Petrochemical, and Lubricants.
Fuel (BBM)
Gasoline
Kerosene
High Speed Diesel (HSD)
Marine Diesel Oil (MDO)
Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO)
Fuel Subsidy
Products Fuel Subsidy consisting of:
Bio Diesel
Premium
non-fuel
asphalt
Lubricants (Lube Base Oil)
Solvent (Solvent)
Characteristics of Hydrocarbons
as Diesel Fuels
S.No.
General
Formula
Hydrocarbon
Characteristics
1.
n-paraffins
Iso-paraffins
CnH2n+2
(Straight chain)
CnH2n+2 (Branch
chain)
CnH2n
Cycloparaffins
Benzenes
CnH2n-6
Naphthalenes
CnH2n-12
Important Properties
1. Relative density or specific gravity
2. API gravity given by:
API gravity
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
141.5
specific gravity at 60 o F
131.5
60 o F
Aniline Point
This is an approximate measure of the aromatic content of
a hydrocarbon fuel.
It is defined as the lowest temperature at which a fuel oil is
completely miscible with an equal volume of aniline.
Aniline is an aromatic compound and aromatics are more
miscible in aniline than are paraffins.
Hence, the lower the aniline point, the higher the aromatics
content in the fuel oil.
The higher the aromatics content, the lower the cetane
number of the fuel.
The aniline point can thus be used to indicate the
probable ignition behavior of a diesel fuel.
Diesel Index
The Diesel Index indicates the ignition quality of
the fuel. It is found to correlate, approximately, to
the cetane number of commercial fuels. It is
obtained by the following equation
Diesel Index
aniline po int
100
Other Properties
1. Pour point mainly for low temperature
applications
2. Calorific value mainly for those fuels
which come under the category of fuel
oils and residual oils which have very
high molecular weight and viscosity
Cetane Improvers,
Detergents,
Diesel Smoke Suppressants,
Flow Improver Additives, and
Other Additives like Anti-rust and Anticorrosion.
Cetane Improvers
These are compounds that readily decompose to give free
radicals and thus enhance the rate of chain initiation in
diesel combustion.
They promote fast oxidation of fuels and thus improve their
ignition characteristics.
Chemical compounds such as alkyl nitrates, ether nitrates,
dinitrates of polyethylene glycols and certain peroxides
are well known cetane improvers.
In general, however, in view of their low cost and ease of
handling, most commercial significance has been
attached to different primary alkyl nitrates.