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CT scan

Introduction
Tomos is the Greek word for cut or section,
and tomography is a technique for digitally cutting
a specimen open using X-rays to reveal its interior
details. A CT image is typically called aslice, as it
corresponds to a slice from a loaf of bread. This
analogy is apt, because just as a slice of bread has
a thickness, a CT slice corresponds to a certain
thickness of the object being scanned. Therefore,
whereas a typical digital image is composed
ofpixels(picture elements), a CT slice image is
composed ofvoxels(volume elements).

Introduction

First developed for widespread use in


medicine for the imaging of soft
tissue and bone, X-ray CT was
subsequently extended and adapted
to a wide variety of industrial tasks.

Introduction

They employ the following optimizations:


Use of higher-energy X-rays, which are more
effective at penetrating dense materials
Use of smaller X-ray focal spots, providing
increased resolution at a cost in X-ray output
Use of finer, more densely packed X-ray
detectors, which also increases resolution at
a cost in detection efficiency
Use of longer exposure times, increasing the
signal-to-noise ratio to compensate for the
loss in signal from the diminished output and
efficiency of the source and detectors.

Figure 1

Figure 1: Schematic illustrations of


different generations of X-ray CT scan
geometries. Solid arrows indicate
movements during data collection,
dashed arrows indicate movement
between sequences of data collection.
The solid lines passing from the sources
to the detectors are ray paths, and each
set of solid lines from a single angular
orientation constitutes a view.

These illustrations show the source and detectors


moving around a stationary object, as is the case
with medical scanners. The motion is relative,
however, and in many industrial scanners the
object moves while the source and detectors are
stationary. In all cases, the axis of rotation is the
center of the circle. A. First-generation, translaterotate pencil beam geometry. B. Secondgeneration, translate-rotate fan beam geometry.
C. Third-generation, rotate-only geometry. D.
Third-generation offset-mode geometry.

Basic CT scanner components


Basic CT scanner components
Gantry
X-Ray Tube
Detector
Control Console

Basic CT scanner components


Gantry
CT X-ray tube
High voltage generator
Detector array
Data acquistion system
Slip ring

Basic CT scanner components

The CT X-ray Tube


Anode heat capacity 3.5 MHU up to
6.5 MHU
Determines maximum mAs
Determines volume length
Dictates generator size

Basic CT scanner components

Detector Elements
Capture energy that has not been
attenuated by the patient

Definitions

A computed tomography (CT) scan is


an imaging method that uses x-rays
to createpictures of cross-sectionsof
the body.
CT scans are also sometimes known
as CAT scans, or computed
tomography scans.

Uses of CT scan

CT scans can be used to diagnose and


monitor a variety of different health
conditions:
brain tumours
certain bone conditions
injuries to internal organs such as the
kidneys, liver or spleen
used to look at the heart

Uses of CT scan
Your doctor may recommend a CT scan to help:
Diagnose muscle and bone disorders, such as bone
tumors and fractures
Pinpoint the location of a tumor, infection or blood clot
Guide procedures such as surgery, biopsy and
radiation therapy
Detect and monitor diseases and conditions such as
cancer, heart disease, lung nodules and liver masses
Monitor the effectiveness of certain treatments, such
as cancer treatment
Detect internal injuries and internal bleeding

Risks
Radiation exposure
During a CT scan, you're briefly exposed to
ionizing radiation.

Harm to unborn babies


Reactions to contract material
In certain cases, your doctor may recommend
you receive a special dye called a contrast
material through a vein in your arm before
your CT scan. Although rare, the contrast
material can cause medical problems or
allergic reactions.

Scanning Methods
Digital projection
AP, PA, Lat or Oblique projection
Surview, Scanogram
Conventional CT
Axial
Start/stop
Volumetric CT
Helical or spiral CT
Continuous acquisition

Scanning Methods
Digital Projection
X-ray tube and detector remain stationary
Patient table moves continuously With
X-rays on
Produces an image covering a range of
anatomy
Similar to a conventional X-ray image,
e.g. flat plate of the abdomen
Image used to determine scan location

Scanning Methods
Axial CT
X-ray tube and detector rotate
360
Patient table is stationary
With X-rays on
Produces one cross-sectional
image
Once this is complete patient is
moved to next position
Process starts again at the
beginning

Scanning Methods
Volume CT
X-ray tube and detector rotate 360
Patient table moves continuously
With X-rays on
Produces a helix of image information
This is reconstructed into 30 to 1000
images

Scanning Methods
Advantages of Volume CT
More coverage in a breath-hold
Chest, Vascular studies, trauma
Reduced misregistration of slices
Improved MPR, 3D and MIP images
Potentially less IV contrast required
Gapless coverage
Arbitrary slice positioning

Scanning Methods
Fundamentals of Multislice CT

Scanning Methods
Multislice Fundamentals
Everything is better
(R)esolution
Z-axis, spatial, low contrast
(S)peed
Temporal bolus capture, stopped motion
(V)olume
Thin slice organ-specific coverage
(P)ower
Enough photons uncompromising image quality

Scanning Methods

Scanning Methods

Calibration

Calibrations are necessary to


establish the characteristics of the Xray signal as read by the detectors
under scanning conditions, and to
reduce geometrical uncertainties.
The latter calibrations vary widely
among scanners; as a rule flexiblegeometry scanners such as the
ACTIS scanner at UTCT require them,
whereas fixed-geometry scanners

NSI Scanner

NSI Scanner

The NSI scanner comprises two X-ray


sources and within a single radiationsafety enclosure. Of the two X-ray
sources, one yields ultra-highresolution data on small objects that
can be penetrated by relatively lowenergy X-rays; the other yields highresolution data on larger or denser
objects that can be penetrated only
by higher-energy X-rays.

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