water flows through a

horizontal tube from left to right

Height of water at the tube, h decreases as water flow, because water

pressure decreases.

Observation

Explanation
Water flows from a region of
high pressure to a region of
low pressure.
As fluid flows pressure
decreases.

Have you ever used your thumb to

control the water flowing from the
end of a hose?
When the end of the a hose is partially closed

off, thus reducing its cross-sectional area, the

fluid velocity increase.

Fluid (liquid or gas) flow faster at a narrow

passage and slower at a broad passage.
(The law of continuity)

In a steady flow of a fluid, the pressure of the fluid

decreases when the velocity of the fluid
increases.

Fluid consist of liquid or gas

Observation

Explanation

Velocity of fluid at a narrow

passage is faster than at a broad
passage.
As the velocity increases, the
pressure decreases (Bernoullis
Principle)

Observation

Explanation

Liquid flow

As the tube narrows, the fluid

flows more quickly and
correspondingly, pressure in the
narrow section decrease,
therefore the water level is low.

Gas flow

As air is blown through a tube as

shown in the figure on the left,
the region in the narrow section
has a lower pressure. The
external atmospheric pressure
pushes the water to its highest
level in this section.
Water level at C is lower than at A
because as air flows, pressure
decreases.

Venturi Tube

Observe the liquid level and the

pressure difference in the 3
tubes.

Evidence of Bernoullis Principle in our daily lives

Observation

Explanation
As air is blown across the top of a
piece of paper, air flows at high
speed and this creates a region of
low pressure across the top of the
paper. The still air beneath the
paper is at a higher pressure and a
net upwards force lifts the paper.
As air is blown vigorously between
two sheets of paper held vertically,
air flows at high speed and this
creates a region of low pressure
between the two sheets of papers.
The outside air the paper which is
at a higher pressure presses the
two sheets of papers together.

Observation

Explanation
As air is blown vigorously
between two ping pong balls, air
flows at high speed and this
creates a region of low pressure
between the two balls. The
outside air the balls which is at a
higher pressure presses the two
balls together.
As air is blown out from the pipe,
air flows at high speed and this
creates a region of low pressure
across the top of the pipe. The
still air around the ball is at a
higher pressure and pushes on
the ball and causes it to stay in
the air.

Observation

Explanation
As air is blown into the funnel, air
flows at high speed at the narrow
passage and this creates a region
of low pressure at X. The still air
beneath the paper is at a higher
pressure and a net upwards force
lifts the ball.

Observation

Explanation
As the wing of a car or a bird
moves forward, the air flows at
higher speed on top of the wing
and this creates a region of low
pressure on top of the wing. The
slower air flow beneath the wing
has a higher pressure. The
difference in pressure produces a
net force that pushes the wing up.
The shape of the wing is called
Aerodynamic.

A spinning ball curves

Velocity of air and velocity of ball = opposite
= reduced velocity of air flow = high pressure

Velocity of air and velocity of ball = same

= increased velocity of air flow = low pressure

Phenomena of Bernoullis Principle

Application of Bernoullis Principle in our daily lives

Observation

Explanation

Insecticide sprayer /
Perfume sprayer

When the plunger is pushed in, the

air flows at a high velocity through
a nozzle. The flow of air at high
velocity creates a region of low
pressure just above the metal tube.
The higher pressure acts on the
surface of the liquid insecticide
causing it to rise up the metal tube.
The insecticide leaves the top of
the metal tube through the nozzle
as a fine spray.

Observation
Bunsen burner

Explanation
When the burner is connected to
a gas supply, the gas flows at
high velocity through a narrow
passage in the narrow nozzle,
creating a region of low pressure.
The outside air, which is at
atmospheric pressure is drawn in
and mixes with the gas. The
mixture of gas and air enables the
gas to burn completely to produce
a clean, hot, and smokeless
flame.

Observation
Water pump

Explanation
A jet of water flows at high speed
at the nozzle. This creates low
pressure at the region. Air from
the vessel is of high pressure and
therefore is drawn out from the
vessel and into the water pump.

Observation

Explanation

Carburetor

The air flows past a choke valve,

which controls the quantity of air,
into a narrow a section of the
carburetor where the air velocity
increases.

Aerodynamic shape of a car :

i.Creates an upward force that
lifts the car up.
ii.Reduces air friction (less drag)
Theses enable the car to move
forward faster.