DSP Lecture : 2

Dr. Ajay Singh Raghuvanshi

Electronics & Telecommunication
Engineering, NIT, Raipur

What is Digital Signal

Processing?

Digital: operating by the use of digital signals to

represent data in the form of numbers
Signal: a function of some parameter (electrical quantity
or effect) that can be varied in such a way as to convey
information
Processing: a series mathematical or logical operations
performed on the signal according to pre-programmed
instructions to achieve betterment in fidelity
Learning digital signal processing is not something
you accomplish; its a journey you take. R.G Lyons,
Understanding Digital Signal processing

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Dr.Ajay Singh Raghuvanshi

DSP System

perform numerical operations including, for example,

additions, multiplications, data transfers and logical
operations either using computer or special-purpose
hardware ie DSP Processors

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Dr.Ajay Singh Raghuvanshi

THE COMPLETE DSP SYSTEM

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Applications of DSP

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DSP is very interdisciplinary

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Key DSP operations

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

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Convolution
Correlation
Digital Filtering
Discrete Transformation
Modulation
Dr.Ajay Singh Raghuvanshi

Convolution
Convolution is one of the most frequently used operations in
DSP. Specially in digital filtering applications where two finite
and causal sequences x[n] and h[n] of lengths N1 and N2 are
convolved

y[n] h[n] x[n]

where, n = 0,1,.,(M-1)

h[k ]x[n k ] h[k ]x[n k ]

k 0

and

M = N1 + N2 -1

This is a multiply and accumulate operation and DSP device

manufacturers have developed signal processors that perform this
action.

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Dr.Ajay Singh Raghuvanshi

Correlation
There are two forms of correlation :
1. Auto-correlation
2. Cross-correlation
1.
The cross-correlation function (CCF) is a measure of the similarities or
shared properties between two signals. Applications are cross-spectral
analysis, detection/recovery of signals that are buried in noise, pattern
matching etc.
Given two length-N sequences x[k] and y[k] with zero means, an estimate of their
cross-correlation is given by:

xy n

rxy n

r 0 r 0
xx

yy

rxx [n]
xx [n]
rxx [0]

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n 0,1,2,...

rxy n

, n 0,1,2

1 N n 1
x[k ] y[k n]

N k 0
1 N n 1
x[k n] y[k ]

N k 0

1 N 1
2
rxx (0) x[k ]
N k 0

Dr.Ajay Singh Raghuvanshi

n 0,1,2,...
n 0,1,2,...

1 N 1
2
, ryy (0) y[k ]
N k 0
10

Digital Filtering
N 1

N 1

y[n] h[k ]x[n k ]

y n bk x n k

k 0

k 0

Filter structure
x(n)

b0

-1

+
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b1

-1

-1

-1

b2

+
Dr.Ajay Singh Raghuvanshi

+
11

b N-1

y(n)

Discrete Transformation
Many discrete transformations exists but the discrete
Fourier transform (DFT) is the most widely used one.
DFT is defined as:
N 1

X (k ) x[n]W

nk

n 0

where W e

IDFT is defined
as:
N 1

1
kn
x[n] X (k )WN ,
N k 0

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j 2

0 n N 1

12

Modulation
Modulation is defined as frequency translation
Modulation in time domain = x(t)y(t)
1
x(t ) y (t )
X ( j )Y ( j ( ))d

2
1
j
j ( )
x[n] y[n]
X
(
e
)
Y
(
e
)d

2 2

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Advantage of DSP
Guaranteed accuracy:

accuracy is only determined by the number of bits used

Perfect Reproducibility:
Identical performance from unit to unit ie. A digital recording can be
copied or reproduced several times with no loss in signal quality

No drift in performance with temperature and age

Uses advances in semiconductor technology to
achieve:

smaller size
lower cost
low power consumption
higher operating speed

Greater flexibility:

Reprogrammable , no need to modify the hardware

Superior performance

linear phase response can be achieved

complex adaptive filtering becomes possible
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Limitation of DSP

Speed : Processing time is real limitation

as complete processing of previous
sample must be achieved before next
sample arrives
Power: Digital circuits work on saturated
transistors hence lot of power is
consumed
Real time implementation of fast varying
signals like video is still a far cry.
But still DSPs advantages overcome its
disadvantages

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Real time processing

Waiting Time
Processing Time

n+1
Sample Time

We can say that we have a real-time

application if and only if
Waiting Time 0
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