The mechanism of

locomotion in animals
Azneezal Ar-Rashid
Smk Sri Aman
95007 Sri Aman, Sarawak

February 2010
 Hydrostatic skeleton
• Earthworm
– Coelom : fluid-filled
chamber
• Surrounded by :
– Circular muscle :
» surround the
chamber
– Longitudinal muscle :
» one end to
another
• When circular contract, longitudinal relax
– Thinner & longer

• When circular relax, longitudinal contract

– Shorter & thicker
• Peristaltic waves
– Front to end
– Contract rhythmically
– Bristles : chaetae
• Anchor parts
– Other parts can be pull
 Exoskeleton
• Grasshopper
– 6 legs
– Antagonistic muscles
• Flexor
• Extensor
 Endoskeleton
• Fish
– Streamlined body shape
– Overlapping scales (backwards)
– Covered by a slimy coating
– Flexible vertebral column
– Myotomes
• W-shaped muscle
– Opposite actions
• Unstable
– Yaw : sideways
• Dorsal and ventral fins
– Rolling : transverse
• Dorsal and ventral fins
– Pitching : vertical
• Pelvic and pectoral fins
• Swim bladder
– What is that? :
• …………………………………………………………
– Function? :
• …………………………………………………………