CELL CYCLE

INTERPHASE
G1 - Cells undergo majority of growth
S - Each chromosome replicates
(Synthesizes) to produce sister
chromatids

Chromosomes condense Assemble machinery for division

such as centrioles

G2 -

G2 OF INTERPHASE

Centrosomes
(with centriole pairs)

Nucleolus

Nuclear
envelope

Chromatin
(duplicated)

Plasma
membrane

MITOSIS
is

the process of forming (generally) identical

daughter cells by replicating and dividing the
original chromosomes, in effect making a
cellular xerox. Commonly the two processes of
cell division are confused. Mitosis deals only
with the segregation of the chromosomes.

FUNCTIONS OF CELL DIVISION

100 m

200 m

20 m

(a) Reproduction. An amoeba,

a single-celled eukaryote, is
dividing into two cells. Each
new cell will be an individual
organism (LM).
B. Growth and development.
This micrograph shows a
sand dollar embryo shortly after
the fertilized egg divided, forming
C. C. Tissue renewal. These dividing
bone marrow cells (arrow) will
give rise to new blood cells (LM two cells (LM).

PROPHASE
The chromosomes condense and become visible
The centrioles form and move toward opposite ends of the
cell ("the poles")
The nuclear membrane dissolves
The mitotic spindle forms (from the centrioles in animal
cells)
Spindle fibers from each centriole attach to each sister
chromatid at the kinetochore
.

PROPHASE

Early mitotic
spindle

Aster

Chromosome, consisting
of two sister chromatids

Centromere

METAPHASE
The Centrioles complete their migration to the poles
The chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell ("the
equator")

METAPHASE
Metaphase
plate

Spindle

Centrosome at
one spindle pole

ANAPHASE
Spindles attached to kinetochores begin to shorten.
This exerts a force on the sister chromatids that pulls them
apart.
Spindle fibers continue to shorten, pulling chromatids to
opposite poles.
This ensures that each daughter cell gets identical sets of
chromosomes

ANAPHASE

Daughter
chromosomes

TELOPHASE AND CYTOKINESIS

Two daughter nuclei begin to

form in the cell.

Nuclear envelopes forms.

The chromosomes become

less condensed.

Mitosis, the division of one

nucleus into two genetically
identical nuclei, is now
complete.

CYTOKINESIS

the process of splitting the daughter

cells apart. Whereas mitosis is the
division of the nucleus, cytokinesis is
the splitting of the cytoplasm and
allocation of the golgi, plastids and
cytoplasm into each new cell.

TELOPHASE AND CYTOKINESIS

Cleavage
furrow

Nuclear
envelope
forming

Nucleolus
forming

MITOSIS IN A PLANT CELL

Chromatine
Nucleus
Nucleoluscondensing

Chromosome

Metaphase. The
1 Prophase.
2 Prometaphase.
3
5 Telophase. Daughter
4 Anaphase. The
spindle is complete,
We now see discrete
nuclei are forming.
The chromatin
chromatids of each
and the chromosomes,
chromosomes; each
Meanwhile, cytokinesis
is condensing.
chromosome have
attached to microtubules
consists of two
has started: The cell
The nucleolus is
separated, and the
at their kinetochores,
identical sister
beginning to
daughter chromosomes plate, which will
are all at the metaphase
chromatids.
Later
disappear.
are moving to the ends divided the cytoplasm
plate.
in prometaphase, the
in two, is growing
Although not
of cell as their
nuclear envelop will
toward the perimeter
yet visible
kinetochore
fragment.
of the parent cell.
in the micrograph,
microtubles shorten.
the mitotic spindle is
staring to from.

CYTOKINESIS IN ANIMAL AND PLANT CELLS

Cleavage furrow

Contractile ring of
microfilaments

100 m

Vesicles
forming
cell plate

Wall of
patent cell

1 m

Cell plate

New cell wall

Daughter cells
Daughter cells
(b) Cell plate formation in a plant cell (SEM)

PROKARYOTIC CELL DIVISION

MEMBRANE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

TRANSPORT MECHANISMS
The movement of materials
across membranes takes
many routes but the mechanisms
are categorized as either passive
or active transport
mechanisms

PASSIVE TRANSPORT
moves molecules along a concentration
gradient
no cellular energy required

Concentration Gradient:When a
solute in a cell is in high
concentration on one side of a
membrane compared to the
other.

PASSIVE TRANSPORT
MECHANISM

Structure of the Cell Membrane

Outside of cell
Proteins

Lipid
Bilayer
Transport
Protein
Animations
of
Go tomembrane
Section:
structure

Carbohydrate
chains

Phospholipids

Inside of cell
(cytoplasm)

SIMPLE DIFFUSION

the movement of a substance from

higher concentration to lesser
concentration
occurs across the lipid bilayer

OSMOSIS
the diffusion of water (solvent) across a membrane
influenced by total solute concentration
Water always moves toward the side with a greater
concentration of solute

Tonicity: the ability of a solution to move water

Hypertonic: Greater ability to move H2O; gains water
Hypotonic: Lesser ability to move H2O; loses water
Isotonic: equal ability to move H2O; no net water movement

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

moves molecules against a

concentration gradient
requires cellular energy