Integration of Wind Power

in the Power System

Esben Larsen
2009-09-11 T 09:00

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Side 1

The Electrical System

Wind

Rotor Gearbox Generator Transformer Grid

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Side 2

Synchronous generator
Induction Generator
Three-phase winding
in the Stator
Depending on the
rotor
Synchronous
Induction

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Side 3

Electric field
3-phase stator winding, (armature field)

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Side 4

 Induction Machine
Slip-ring rotor
Squirrel case rotor

Synchronous Machine
Electromagnet rotor

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Side 5

Induction Machine
Synchronous speed
nsyn = f/p
f: Power frequency [Hz]
p: Pole pairs

Slip: s = (nsyn nmech) / nsyn [%]

s: Slip [%]
nsyn : synchronous rotational speed
nmech : mechanical totational speed
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Side 6

Induction Machine
Torque

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1.5

0.5

s = (ns-n)/ns

-1

Side 7

Synchronous Machine
Salient pole rotor

Rotor speed:
n = f1/p
f1: Frequency of the rotary field [Hz]
p: Number of pole pairs
n: rotational speed [1/s]
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Side 8

Synchronous machine
No slip
Load angle (displacement angle)
equivalent to the time lag between grid voltage
and pole wheel voltage

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Side 9

Synchronous Machine
Torque

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Side 10

Assessment Criteria for Electrical

Generators in Wind Turbines
Dynamic behavior of fixed speed operation parallel
to the grid
Fixed frequency grid
Variations in wind speed
Induction machines are more elastic than synchronous
machines

Speed range
40 100% of nominal speed
Variable speed generator and a frequency inverter

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Side 11

Assessment Criteria for Electrical

Generators in Wind Turbines
Controllability
Blade pitch control
Variable speed generator/inverter system

Reactive power
Isolated operation or grid connection
Ind. Gen. Capacitor compensation
Syn. Gen. Voltage control
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Side 12

Assessment Criteria for Electrical

Generators in Wind Turbines
Interference effects with the grid
Reactive power
High starting current with induction machines
Harmonic distortion (generator, inverter)

Synchronization
Exact synchronization for Syn. Gen.

Dropped load
Immediate action of the brake system
Syn Gen. Electric braking (ohmic resistance)

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Side 13

Assessment Criteria for Electrical

Generators in Wind Turbines
Efficiency
Decrease of electrical efficiency for variable speed/inverter
systems

Investment cost
Total cost of the electrical system

Maintenance and Reliability

Slip rings
Maintenance work on the electrical system is small compared to
the work on the mechanical system
Electronic faults

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Side 14

Fixed-speed generator system

Synchronous generator

The toughest case in relation to dynamic behavior

Simple - Standard technology
Isolated operation possible
Only small load angles
Undamped oscillations possible mechanical damping
necessary
Unsteady power production

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Side 15

Fixed-speed generator system

Induction generator

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No special synchronization equipment

Electrical soft grid coupling
Reactive power
High nominal slip heat emission
For large IGs wind fluctuations are passed nearly
like the situation valid for the SGs
Side 16

Multispeed Generators
Typically - 2 constant
speeds
Pole switch able induction
generator
Low speed - low wind
Higher speed high wind.
Poorer efficiency
Higher cost

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Side 17

Variable speed Generator

Systems
Generator operating with a frequency
inverter
Cost
Efficiency

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Side 18

Synchronous Generator with

static Frequency Inverter

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AC-DC-link
Control of the generator torque possible
Good control of the turbine system acceleration, brake
No inrush current
Inverter problems
All power through the inverter

Side 19

Induction Generators
with slip control

Optislip dynamic slip control

Resistor mounted onto the rotor
Control equipment also mounted onto the rotor
No slip rings necessary
Variable slip up to 10 %
Smooth power output
Small cost

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Side 20

Doubly fed Induction

generator

Input or output of power to the rotor from the

grid
Over- and under-synchronous operation possible
40 % of the nominal speed

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Side 21

Double feed Induction

generator
Operating modes
Can be operated in
any power factor
Complex control
system
Separate reactive
and true power
control

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Side 22

Direct Rotor-Driven
Generator
Gearless turbine

Synchronous generator
with permanent magnets
High cost of magnetic
materials
Poor cos compensated by
use complicated inverter
technology
Big diameter (84 poles
38rpm 4.8m 500 kW)

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Side 23

Electrical system of
a large turbine with
induction generator
directly coupled to
the grid

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Side 24

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Side 25

Litterature
Erich Hau: Windturbines
Springer Verlag
Similar to Ackermann chapter 4

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Side 26