IT

Amity Business School
MBA (M & S)
2015-2016 BATCH
Faculty In charge
Dr.Anita venaik
2006 Prentice Hall, Inc.
51 1
Module I: Modern Information Systems

Data,
Information,
Knowledge,
Data
Resource
Management: Introduction to DBMS, Benefits of DBMS
over traditional file system, Types of DBMS, Application
of DBMS using MS-ACCESS / ORACLE as a tool for
understanding of DBMS concepts. SQL Query handling ,
Forms, Concept of Data Warehouses and Data Marts,
Introduction to Data Centers
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Objective
Data vs. Information
Characteristics of Valuable Information
What is a System?
What is an Information System?
CBIS Components
Types of CBIS
Different definitions of Information System
History of Information System
Why Study Information Systems?
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Data vs. Information

Data consists of raw facts (i.e., a list of the numbers)
Information is a collection of facts organized (or processed)
in such a way that they have additional value (i.e., a list of the
class grades based on the exam score
In a way, information is data that has been transformed
into a more useful form
Turning data into information is a process performed to
achieve a defined outcome and requires knowledge
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Data
Data are raw facts and
figures that on their
own have no meaning
These can be any
alphanumeric
characters i.e. text,
numbers, symbols
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Data Examples
Yes, Yes, No, Yes, No, Yes, No, Yes
42, 63, 96, 74, 56, 86
111192, 111234
None of the above data sets have any
meaning until they are given a
CONTEXT and PROCESSED into a
useable form
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Data Into Information

To achieve its aims the organisation
will need to process data into
information.
Data needs to be turned into
meaningful information and presented
in its most useful format
Data must be processed in a context in
order to give it meaning
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Information
Data that has been processed within a
context to give it meaning
OR
Data that has been processed into a
form that gives it meaning
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Example 1
Raw Data
Context
Processing
Information
Yes, Yes, No, Yes, No, Yes,

No, Yes, No, Yes, Yes
Responses to the market

research question
Would you buy brand x
at price y?
???
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Example 2
Raw Data
Context
42, 63, 96, 74, 56, 86

Jayas scores in the six
AS/A2 ICT modules
Processing
Information
???
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Example 3
Raw Data
Context
111192, 111234
The previous and current

readings of a customers
gas meter
Processing
Information
???
11
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Knowledge
Knowledge is the understanding of
rules needed to interpret information
the capability of understanding the
relationship
between
pieces
of
information and what to actually do
with the information
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Knowledge Examples
Using the 3 previous examples:
A Marketing Manager could use this information
to decide whether or not to raise or lower price y
Jayas teacher could analyse the results to
determine whether it would be worth her re-sitting
a module
Looking at the pattern of the customers previous
gas bills may identify that the figure is abnormally
low and they are fiddling the gas meter!!!
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Summary
Information
Data
Context
Meaning
Processing
Data raw facts and figures

Information data that has been processed (in a context) to give it meaning
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Characteristics of Valuable Information

Accessible
Accurate
Complete
Economical
Relevant
Reliable
Secure
Simple
Timely
Verifiable
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Personal Dimensions of Information

The three personal
dimensions of
information include:
Time
Location
Form
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Information Systems
Why Do People Need Information?
Individuals - Entertainment and
enlightenment
Businesses - Decision making,
problem solving and control
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An information system is a system which assembles, stores, processes, and

delivers information relevant to an organization (or to society) in such a way that
the information is accessible and useful to those who wish to use it, including
managers, staff, clients, and citizens.
An information system is a human activity (social) system which may or may not
involve the use of computer systems.
O r g a n iz a tio n s
T e c h n o lo g y
In fo r m a tio n
S y s te m s
M anagem ent
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An information systems is a collection of

components that collects, processes, stores,
analyzes, and disseminates information for a
specific purpose.
The major components of a computer-based
information system (CBIS) can include (1)
hardware, (2) software, (3) a database (4) a
network (5 )procedures, and (6) people.
The system operates in a social context, and the
software usually includes application programs
which perform specific tasks for users.
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Level of Systems in an organization
Operational
Level
Management Level
Strategic Level
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Groups
Served
Kind of Information System
Strategic Level
Management level
Senior Managers
Middle Managers
Operational
Managers
Operational Level
Sales &
Marketing Manufacturing Finance
Accounting
HR
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Major Types of Information Systems used in

organizations
Transaction Processing System
Management Information Systems
Decision Support Systems
Executive Support Systems
Intelligent system
Data mining and visualization system
Office automation system
Knowledge management system
GIS
ERP Systems
CRM system and SCM Systems
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Transaction Processing System

(TPS)
Serves operational level of the organization
Transactions,
Events
Sorting,
Listing,
Merging,
Updating
Detailed
reports,
Lists,
summaries
Users: Operational Personnel, supervisors

EXAMPLE: GROCERY STORE CHECKOUT CASH REGISTER WITH CONNECTION TONETWORK, POS,ATM
POS,EPOS,VENDING MACHINES
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Management Information Systems

( MIS)
Serves the management level of the organization
Summary
Transaction data,
High volume data
Routine reports,
Low level analysis
Summary and
Exception
reports
Users: Middle managers
EXAMPLE: Inventory management & planning system

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Decision support system

(DSS)
Serves the management level of the organization
Low volume data,

Analytic model
Interactive,
Simulations,
Analysis
Special reports,
Decision analysis,
Responses to queries
Users: Professionals, Staff managers

Example: TREND ANALYSIS, DEMAND FORCASTING
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Executive Support System

(ESS)
Serves the Strategic level of the organization
Aggregate data,
external,
Internal
Graphics,
Simulations,
Interactive
Projections,
Responses
to Queries
Users: Senior Managers

News retrieval and stock update information system
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Relationship of Systems
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Database systems were first developed in the 1960s. They were then
mostly used for business applications with large amounts of structured
data, typically in the banking, insurance, and airline industries. Today,
virtually all large corporations use database systems to keep track of
customers, suppliers, reservations, orders, deliveries, invoices,
employees, etc. As database systems became more
versatile, powerful, and user friendly, their use proliferated into a
growing number of areas.
For example management information systems (MIS), decision
support systems (DSS), ad hoc query systems, inventory control
systems, point
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File Organization Terms and Concepts

Bit: Smallest unit of data; binary digit (0,1)
Byte: Group of bits that represents a single character
Field: Group of words or a complete number
Record: Group of related fields
File: Group of records of same type
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The storage in which all data is kept in one or multiple locations, interconnected
by telecommunications.
A data base is the collection of interrelated non-redundant data stored to serve
multiple applications.
A Data base is a logically coherent collection of data with some inherent meaning.
A Data base is a collection of persistent data managed by a DBMS
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File Organization Terms and Concepts (Continued)

Database: Group of related files
Entity: Person, place, thing, event about which
information is maintained
Attribute: Description of a particular entity
Key field: Identifier field used to retrieve, update,
sort a record
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2 What is a database?
The meaning of this term varies with the context. Any collection of data, such as
e.g. a file electronic or otherwise or a set of files, could possibly be called a
database, see Figure 1.
Figure 1 Without a database management system (DBMS) applications

access files directly. This typically leads to duplication of data and/or
concurrency problems and/or inconsistent data. Applications are not
protected from changes in file structures, i.e. little or no physical data
independence is provided. The database is just an arbitrary collection of
files with no centralized control
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A database is a persistent collection of data managed by a database

management system (DBMS).
A DBMS is an agent whose job it is to manage a database; i.e. handle all
database access and make sure the database is never corrupted, The following
section gives a formal definition of what a DBMS is.
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What is a database management system?

Database transaction, is a collection of read and/or write operations against one
or more databases. The DBMS has to follow the basic rules like:
-
Any not yet completed transaction can be undone

No transaction is able to violate any integrity constraints defined for the
database
Concurrent transactions cannot interfere with each other
The effects of a completed transaction will indeed be reflected by the
database, even if a hardware, software, or other failure should occur
immediately
after completion.
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A:
STANDS FOR AOMICITY
C:
CONSISTENCY
I:
ISOLATION
D:
DURABILITY
A DBMS IS AN INFORMATION STOAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM WHICH

PROVIDES ACID PROPERTIES FOR ALL DATA BASE TRANSACTIONS
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The Data Hierarchy
ASHISH
ASHISH
ROHAN
ROHAN
MEHAR
MEHAR
ASHISH
ASHISH
ASHISH
Figure 7-1
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Entities and Attributes
Figure 7-2
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Problems with the Traditional File Environment

1. Data Redundancy and Inconsistency:
Data redundancy: The presence of duplicate data in
multiple data files so that the same data are stored in
more than one place or location
Data inconsistency: The same attribute may have
different values.
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Problems with the Traditional File Environment (Continued)

Program-data dependence:
The coupling of data stored in files and the specific
programs required to update and maintain those files
such that changes in programs require changes to
the data
Lack of flexibility:
A traditional file system can deliver routine scheduled
reports after extensive programming efforts, but it
cannot deliver ad-hoc reports or respond to
unanticipated information requirements in a timely
fashion.
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Problems with the Traditional File Environment (Continued)

Poor security:
Because there is little control or management of data,
management will have no knowledge of who is accessing or
even making changes to the organizations data.
Lack of data sharing and availability:
Information cannot flow freely across different functional
areas or different parts of the organization. Users find
different values of the same piece of information in two
different systems, and hence they may not use these
systems because they cannot trust the accuracy of the
data.
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Traditional File Processing
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Software used to perform a number of operations on data base such as:

Adding new empty files to data base .
Inserting data into existing files.
Retrieving data from existing files.
Changing data in existing files.
Deleting data in the existing files.
Removing existing files from the data base.
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Database Management System (DBMS)

Software for creating and maintaining databases
Permits firms to rationally manage data for the entire
firm
Acts as interface between application programs and
physical data files
Separates logical and design views of data
Solves many problems of the traditional data file
approach
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Data Base system involves four major components

1.Data
2.Hardware
3.Software
4.Users
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1.DATA:
Data stored in a data base includes numerical data (integers or whole numbers)
or floating numbers and non numerical data (alphabets And numeric)
Logical (T/F), or data entities like pictures and images as data type.
DATA
INTEGRATED
SHARED
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2.
HARDWARE:
HARDWARE COMPONENTS INVOLVE ALL DEVICE LIKE Inputs, Outputs

And storage.
3.
SOFTWARE:
Between the physical database itself and the users of the system is a layer of software
called the DB Manager, or DB server or DBMS.
DBMS
DML
DDL
USED TO DESCRIBE THE
CONTENTS OF THE DATABASE
e.g.attributes
COMMANDS LIKE I/P,O/P called

SQL
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4.USERS
USERS
Data base Administrator

(A technical person
responsible for
implementing the data and
maintaining the data base)
Application programmer
(Responsible
for writing application
A
Programs
eg, java,c++ etc)
p
p
l
End Users
i
(Who interact with system foe online job
c
Using DDL, DML)
a
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Advantages
Reduced data redundancy
Reduced updating errors and increased consistency
Greater data integrity and independence from applications programs
Improved data access to users through use of host and query languages
Improved data security
Reduced data entry, storage, and retrieval costs
Facilitated development of new applications program
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Disadvantages
Database systems are complex, difficult, and time-consuming to design
Substantial hardware and software start-up costs
Damage to database affects virtually all applications programs
Extensive conversion costs in moving form a file-based system to a
database system
Initial training required for all programmers and users
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Self contained nature
Program data independence
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Data Abstraction
Conceptual Representation
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Support for multiple views
Centralized control of data restriction
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Types of Databases:
Relational DBMS
Hierarchical and network DBMS
Object-oriented databases
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Relational DBMS:
Represents data as two-dimensional tables called
relations
R elates data across tables based on common
data element
Examples: DB2, Oracle, MS SQL Server
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The Relational Data Model
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Hierarchical and Network DBMS

Hierarchical DBMS:
Organizes data in a tree-like structure
Supports one-to-many parent-child relationships
Prevalent in large legacy systems
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A Hierarchical Database for a Human Resources System
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Network DBMS:
Depicts data logically as many-to-many
relationships
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The Network Data Model
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Hierarchical and Network DBMS

Disadvantages:
Outdated
Less flexible compared to RDBMS
Lack support for ad-hoc and English languagelike queries
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Object-Oriented Databases:
Object-oriented DBMS: Stores data and
procedures as objects that can be retrieved and
shared automatically
Object-relational DBMS: Provides capabilities of
both object-oriented and relational DBMS
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Distributing Databases
Centralized database:
Used by single central processor or multiple
processors in client/server network
There are advantages and disadvantages to having all
corporate data in one location.
Security is higher in central environments, risks lower.
If data demands are highly decentralized, then a
decentralized design is less costly, and more flexible.
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Distributed database:
Databases can be decentralized either by
partitioning or by replicating
Partitioned database: Database is divided into
segments or regions. For example, a customer
database can be divided into Eastern customers
and Western customers, and two separate
databases maintained in the two regions.
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Linking Internal Databases to the Web
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Amity Business School

2006 Prentice Hall, Inc.

Amity Business School

Module I: Modern Information Systems

2006 Prentice Hall, Inc.

Amity Business School

2006 Prentice Hall, Inc.

Amity Business School

Data vs. Information

2006 Prentice Hall, Inc.

Amity Business School

2006 Prentice Hall, Inc.

Amity Business School

Amity Business School

Data Into Information

Amity Business School

Amity Business School

2006 Prentice Hall, Inc.

Yes, Yes, No, Yes, No, Yes,

Responses to the market

Amity Business School

42, 63, 96, 74, 56, 86

2006 Prentice Hall, Inc.

Amity Business School

The previous and current

2006 Prentice Hall, Inc.

Amity Business School

2006 Prentice Hall, Inc.

Amity Business School

Amity Business School

Data raw facts and figures

Amity Business School

2006 Prentice Hall, Inc.

Amity Business School

Characteristics of Valuable Information

2006 Prentice Hall, Inc.

Amity Business School

Personal Dimensions of Information

2006 Prentice Hall, Inc.

Amity Business School

2006 Prentice Hall, Inc.

Amity Business School

Amity Business School

2006 Prentice Hall, Inc.

Amity Business School

2006 Prentice Hall, Inc.

Amity Business School

An information system is a system which assembles, stores, processes, and

2006 Prentice Hall, Inc.

Amity Business School

An information systems is a collection of

Amity Business School

2006 Prentice Hall, Inc.

Amity Business School

Level of Systems in an organization

2006 Prentice Hall, Inc.

Amity Business School

Kind of Information System

2006 Prentice Hall, Inc.

Amity Business School

Major Types of Information Systems used in

Amity Business School

Transaction Processing System

Users: Operational Personnel, supervisors