* ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

* SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS
Like animals, plants also reproduce both
asexually and sexually.
Asexual reproduction in plants is either by
fission, budding, fragmentation and
regeneration, spore formation or by
vegetative propagation or vegetative
reproduction of plant parts.
Sexual reproduction is by fusion of male
and female gametes and it occurs in
flowering plants.

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
IN FLOWERING PLANT
The formation of new individual from
a plant body part other than the
flower, meaning that is from a root,
a stem, or leaf.

1. NATURAL ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

Can happen it by self
2. ARTIFICIAL ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
To happen by man

1. NATURAL ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
1. STOLON
A type of plant whose stem grows by creeping on
the ground can grow new plants at the point on
the stem which have direct contact with the
ground
Examples : clover , strawbery, grasses

Vegetative propagation by
runner in grass

2. RHIZOME
A rhizome is a horizontal underground stem
which possesses dry scale leaves and buds.
Examples : Tumeric, lallang, ginger,mother
and law, canna

Vegetative propagation by
rhizome in ginger

3. Bulb
A bulb is a modified shoot consisting of a flattened,
disc-like stem bearing buds, fleshy and dry scale
leaves. Food is stored in the fleshy scale leaves.

Vegetative propagation by bulb in onion

4. TUBBER
A type of plant which are an underground stem
storing food, which can grow shoots from its
eyes

Vegetative propagation by tuber in potato

5. LEAVES
Plant which reproduce by leaves have thick
and fleshy leaves. New plants grow at the sides
of mature leaves.
Examples : bryophyllum, Calanchoe sp.

2. ARTIFICIAL ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
1. MARCOTTING
Marcotting, which is peeling a piece of the
bark off a stem circulary round the stem
and covering the exposed surface with soil
to stimulate the growth of roots
Examples : Manggo, Rambutan

MATERIALS :

Humus
Plant
String
Tissue
Knife

PROCEDURE :

* Choose a plant with the

disered good
characteristics
* A ring of bark and phloem
is removed from a healthy
branch of the plant
* The ring is covered with
humus (black soil)
* The soil is covered with
plastic and tied

2. GRAFTING
Grafting, which is connecting a piece of the stem
of a plant to a larger stem of another plant of the
same species by inserting one end of the smaller
piece into the cut and split end of the larger stem
or by sticking a bud from one plant on the stem of
another plant of the same species

3. CUTTING
Short piece of stem or leaves cut from its
parent plant and planted to produce a new
plant.
a.A stem cutting : sugarcaga and cassava
plant
b. A leaf cutting : Calanchoe dan begonia
plant

4. LAYERING
Layering: Layering is the development of roots
on a stem while it is still attached to the parent
plant. The stem or the branch that develops
adventitious roots while still attached to the
parent plant is called a layer. It is a means of
reproduction in black raspberries, jasmine
(Jasminum), Magnolia, etc.

5. TISSUE CULTURE
* Tissue culture: This is a modern technique of vegetative
propagation.
* In this technique, a small piece of tissue is cut from a plant
and is transferred to a container with nutrient medium
under aseptic conditions.
* The tissue utilizes nutrients from the medium, divides and
re-divides, and forms a callus.
* Small portions of this callus are transferred to another
medium which induces differentiation and plantlets are
produced. These plantlets are transplanted in soil to form
an adult plant. Orchids, Chrysanthemum, Asparagus and
many other plants are now being grown by using plant
tissue culture technique.

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN
FLOWERING PLANT
* Flower is the reproductive organ of
Angiosperms
* Cones is the reproductive organ of
Gymnosperms

The Sexual Reproduction

Organ of Flowering
PlantsPistil
Stamen

Petal

Sepal

Pollination
The transfer of pollen from the anther to the female
stigma is termed pollination. This is accomplished by a
variety of methods. Entomophyly is the transfer of pollen
by an insect. Anemophyly is the transfer of pollen by
wind. Other pollinators include birds, bats, water, and
humans. Some flowers (for example garden peas)
develop in such a way as to pollinate themselves. Others
have mechanisms to ensure pollination with another
flower.
Flower color is thought to indicate the nature of
pollinator: red petals are thought to attract birds, yellow
for bees, and white for moths. Wind pollinated flowers
have reduced petals, such as oaks and grasses.

There are two types of pollination:

(a)Self-pollination
Self-pollination is the transference of
pollen grains
(i) from the anther to the stigma of the
same flower
(ii) from the anther to the stigma another
flower in the same plant
(b) Cross-p0llination
Cross-pollination is the transference of
pollen grains between flower on the
separate plants which are of the same
species.

Double Fertilization
The process of pollination being accomplished, the
pollen tube grows through the stigma and style toward
the ovules in the ovary. The germ cell in the pollen grain
divides and releases two sperm cells which move down
the pollen tube. Once the tip of the tube reaches the
micropyle end of the embryo sac, the tube grows through
into the embryo sac through one of the synergids which
flank the egg. One sperm cell fuses with the egg,
producing the zygote which will later develope into the
next-generation sporophyte. The second sperm fuses
with the two polar bodies located in the center of the sac,
producing the nutritive triploid endosperm tissue that will
provide energy for the embryo's growth and
development.

Structure of the female gametophyte (enbryo

sac) and the events approaching fertilization

The events of "double fertilization" of the

egg and polar nuclei by the two sperm cells

Stages of growth and development

of the embryo