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Direct Current

Machines

Introduction

Faradays Law of Electromagnetic


Induction

Faraday found that the electromotive force (EMF) produced


around a closed path is proportional to the rate of change of the
magnetic flux through any surface bounded by that path.
In practice, this means that an electrical current will be induced
in any closed circuit when the magnetic flux through a surface
bounded by the conductor changes.
This applies whether the field itself changes in strength or the
conductor is moved through it.
Electromagnetic induction underlies the operation of generators,
all electric motors, transformers, induction motors, synchronous
motors, solenoids, and most other electrical machines.
Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction states that:

E is the electromotive force (emf) in volts


is the magnetic flux in webers
N is the number of turns of wire
B

Right-hand Thumb Rule

Right-hand Thumb Rule

Flemings Left-hand Rule

Flemings Left-hand Rule

Flemings Left-hand Rule

Flemings Left-hand Rule

Flemings Right-hand Rule

Flemings Right-hand Rule

Current Reversal

Lenz Law
"An induced current is always in such a
direction as to oppose the motion or
change causing it"

Construction of DC Machine

Magnetic Field Sources

Electromagnet

DC Generator
Operation

Principle of

DC Generator

Operation

Principle of

A generator is a machine that converts mechanical energy


into electrical energy by using the principle of magnetic
induction.

Whenever a conductor is
moved within a magnetic
field in such a way that the
conductor cuts across

DC Generator
Operation

Principle of

The AMOUNT of voltage generated depends on the


The Strength of the magnetic field,
Angle at which the conductor cuts the magnetic field
Speed at which the conductor is moved
Length of the conductor within the magnetic field.
The POLARITY of the voltage depends on the
Direction of the magnetic lines of flux and
Direction of movement of the conductor.
To determine the direction of current or EMF in a given
situation, the Flemings Right-Hand Rule For Generators is
used.

Effect of Commutation

Effect of Additional Coils

Magnetic Circuit of DC
Generator

Armature

Field windings on Pole Face

Brush Holder

Commutator Construction

Cutway of DC Generator

Armature Winding

Drum Type Armature

Four Pole Generator

Armature Coil

Coils Connection to
Commutator

Construction of DC Generator
Yoke:
Yoke is a outer frame. It serves two purposes.

It provides mechanical support for the poles and acts as


a protecting cover for the whole machine and

It carries the magnetic flux produced by the poles and


have high permeability.
In small generators where cheapness rather than weight is
the main consideration, yokes are made of cast iron.
But for large machines usually cast steel or rolled steel is
employed.
The feet and the terminal box etc, are welded to the frame
afterwards.

Construction of DC Generator
Armature:
The armature is a cylinder of laminated iron mounted on an
axle.
The axle is carried in bearings mounted in the external
structure of the generator.
Torque is applied to the axle to make the rotor spin.
Coil:
Each coil usually consists of many turns of copper wire wound
on the armature.
The two ends of each coil are connected either to two slip
rings (AC) or two opposite bars of a split-ring commutator (DC).

Construction of DC Generator
Yoke:
Yoke is a outer frame. It serves two purposes.

It provides mechanical support for the poles and acts as


a protecting cover for the whole machine and

It carries the magnetic flux produced by the poles and


have high permeability.
In small generators where cheapness rather than weight is
the main consideration, yokes are made of cast iron.
But for large machines usually cast steel or rolled steel is
employed.
The feet and the terminal box etc, are welded to the frame
afterwards.

Components of DC Generator
Stator:
The stator is the fixed part of the generator that supplies the
magnetic field in which the coils rotate.
It may consist of two permanent magnets with opposite poles
facing and shaped to fit around the rotor.
Field electromagnets:
Each electromagnet consists of a coil of many turns of copper
wire wound on a soft iron core.
The electromagnets are wound, mounted and shaped in such a
way that opposite poles face each other and wrap around the
rotor.
Brushes:
The brushes are carbon blocks that maintain contact with the
ends of the coils via the slip rings (AC) or the split-ring
commutator (DC), and conduct electric current from the coils to
the external circuit.

Applications of DC
Generators
1.
DC shunt Generator
The terminal voltage of DC shunt generator is more or
less constant from no load to full load. Therefore these
generators are used where constant voltage is required.
For electro plating
Battery charging
For excitation of Alternators.

2. Series Generators:
The terminal voltage of series generator increases with
load current from no load to full load Therefore these
generators are used as
Boosters
for supply to arc Lamps

Applications of DC
Generators
3. Compound Generator:
Differential Compound generators are used to supply dc
welding machines.
Level compound generators are used to supply power for
offices ,hostels and Lodges etc.
Over compound generators are used to compensate the
voltage drop in Feeders.
4. Separately Exited Generator:
As a supply source to DC Motors ,whose speed is to be
controlled for certain applications. where a wide range of
voltage is required for the testing purposes.

Commutator and Brushes

Component parts of D.C.


Machine

Shunt Field Coil Construction

Series Field Coil

Compound Field Coil

Dismantled D.C. Machine

Armature laminations & Slots

Commutator construction

Commutator Connections

Brush Gear Assembly

Rectifying action of a Commutator

Rectifying action of a Commutator

Rectifying action of a Commutator

Output from a multi-coiled Armature

Types of DC Generators
Generators are generally classified according to
their methods of field excitation.
(i) Separately excited D.C. generators
(ii) Self-excited D.C. generators
DC Shunt Generator

DC Series Generator

DC Compound Generator

Separately Excited D.C.


Generators

DC Shunt Generator

DC Series Generator

DC Long Shunt Compound


Generator

Shunt field winding is in parallel with both series field


and armature winding

DC Short Shunt Compound


Generator
Short Shunt in which only shunt field winding is in parallel with
the armature winding

EMF Equation
Let
= flux/pole in Wb
Z = total number of armature conductors
P = number of poles
A = number of parallel paths
= 2 for wave winding
= P for lap winding
N = speed of armature in r.p.m.
Eg= e.m.f. of the generator = e.m.f./parallel
path

EMF Equation

Rotor Assembly of DC
Machine

Eye Bolt

A Two pole DC Machine

Rotor spins inside a stator

Thank You

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