INVERTEBRATES

Phylum Ctenophora (Comb

jellies)

MRS. ADORA G. ILAC,RN,MSBIO

Phylum Ctenophora: Comb jellies

possess rows of ciliary plates and
adhesive colloblasts
Superficially they resemble cnidarian
medusas however, the relationship
between them is uncertain
About 100 species, all are marine
Diameter: 1-10cm
Most are spherical or ovoid, some elongate
and ribbonlike forms up to 1 m long
Ctenophora means "comb bearer": named
for their eight rows of comblike plates
composed of fused cilia

Phylum Ctenophora: Comb jellies

possess rows of ciliary plates and
adhesive colloblasts
The largest animals to use cilia for
locomotion
An aboral sensory organ functions in
the orientation, and nerves running
from the sensory organ to the combs
of cilia coordinate movement

Phylum Ctenophora: Comb jellies

possess rows of ciliary plates and
adhesive colloblasts
Most have a pair of long retractable
tentacles, it bear adhesive structures
called colloblast (lasso cells)
When prey (mostly small plankton)
contact a tentacle, colloblasts burst
open. A sticky thread released by each
colloblast captures the food, which is
then wiped off the tentacle into the
mouth

ANNELIDA

MOLLUSCA

PLATYHELMINTHES

PROTOSTOMIA:
LOPHOTROCHOZOA

Lophotrochozoa

Protosto
mia
Bilateria
Eumetaz
oa
Choanoflagellat
e

Phylum Platehylminthes: Flatworms

are acoelomates with
gastrovascular cavities
There are about 20,000 species living
in marine, freshwater, and damp
terrestrial habitats
Some are free-living forms many are
parasitic species (flukes, tapeworms)
Are named because their bodies are
thin between the dorsal and ventral
surfaces (flattened dorsoventrally;
platyhelminth means "flatworm")

Phylum Platehylminthes: Flatworms

are acoelomates with
gastrovascular cavities

They range in size: microscopic free

living species to 20 m long (tapeworm)
In contrast to the radiate animals
(cnidarians and ctenophores), flatworms
and all other bilateratians are tripoblastic
However, flatworm just like radiate
animals, have a gastrovascular cavity
with only one opening. (Tapeworms lack
digestive tract altogether and absorbs
nutrients across their body surface)

Phylum Platehylminthes:
Flatworms are acoelomates with
gastrovascular cavities

Are simpler than other bilateratians

in lacking a body cavity
Are acoelomates

4 CLASSES
Turbellaria (mostly free-living
flatworms)
Monogenea (monogeneans)
Trematoda (trematodes, or
flukes)
Cestoidea (tapeworms)

Classes of Phylum
Platyhelminthes
Class and Examples
Main Characteristics
Turbellaria (mostly free-living
flatworms; e.g., Dugesia

Mostly marine, some freshwater,

a few terrestrial, predators and
scavengers; body surface ciliated

Monogenea (monogeneans)

Marine and freshwater parasites;

most infect external surfaces of
fishes; life history simple; a
ciliated larva starts an infection
on a host

Trematoda (trematodes, also

called flukes)

Parasites, almost always of

vertebrates; two suckers attach
to host; most life histories
include intermaediate hosts

Cestoidea (tapeworms)

Parasites of vertebrates; scolex

attaches to host; proglottids
produce eggs and break off after

Class Turbellaria
Nearly all freeliving
(nonparasitic)
Mostly marine
Members of the
genus Dugesia,
commonly known
as Planarians

Planarians
Carnivores: smaller animals or dead
animals
have a simple nervous system
consisting of a brain, sense organs, and
branching nerves
As in cnidarians,
the mouth of a
flatworm is the
only opening for
its gastrovascular
cavity

Digestive tract
(gastrovascular
cavity)

Nerve cords

Mouth

Eyespots
Nervous
tissue clusters
Bilateral symmetry

Pharynx. The mouth is at the tip of a

muscular pharynx that extends from the
middle of the ventral side of the animal.
Digestive juices are spilled onto prey, and
the pharynx sucks small pieces of food into
the gastriovascular cavity where digestion
continues

An
anatomy
of
planaria
n

Digestion is completed
within the cells lining the
gastrovascular cavity,
which has three branches,
each with has three
branches, each with fine
sub-branches that provide
an extensive surface area
Undigested
wastes are
egested
through the
mouth

Gastrovasc
ular
cavity
Eyespots

Ganglia. Located at the anterior end of

the worm, near the main sources of
sensory input, is a pair of ganglia,

Ventral nerve cords.

From the ganglia, a pair
of ventral nerve cords
runs the length of the
body

Generalized Anatomy of a
Planarian

Generalized Anatomy of a
Planarian

Generalized Anatomy of a
Planarian

Generalized Anatomy of a
Planarian

Generalized Anatomy of a
Planarian

Planarians
Lack organs specialized for gas exchange
and circulation
The flat shape of the body places all cells
close to the surrounding water, and fine
branching of the gastrovascular cavity
distributes food throughout the animal
Nitrogenous waste in the form of
ammonia diffuses directly from the cells
into the surrounding water

Planarians
Have simple excretory
apparatus that functions
mainly to maintain
osmotic balance
between animal and its
surroundings. This
system consists of
ciliated cells called flame
cells that waft fluid
through branched ducts
opening to the outside

Planarians
The evolution of
osmoregulatory
structures was a major
factor in allowing some
turbellarians to invade
freshwater and even
moist terrestrial
environments

Planarians
Move by using cilia on the ventral epidermis,
gliding along a film of mucus they secrete
Some uses their muscles to swim through
water with an undulating motion
Has a head (cephalized) with a pair of
eyespots that detect light and lateral flaps
that function mainly for smell
The nervous system is more complex and
centralized than the nerve nets of cnidarians

Planarians
Can modify their responses to stimuli
Can reproduce asexually through
regeneration. The parent constricts in
the middle, and each half
regenerates the missing end
Sexual reproduction also occurs
Although are hermaphrodites,
copulating mates cross-fertilize

Class Monogenea and

Trematoda
Live as parasites in or other animals
Many have suckers for attaching to
internal organs or to outer surfaces
of the host
A tough covering helps protect the
parasites
Reproductive organs nearly fill the
interior of these worms

Trematodes (Flukes)
Parasitize a wide range of hosts
Most species have complex life cycles with
alternation of sexual and asexual stages
Many require an intermediate host in
which larvae develop before infecting the
final host (usually a vertebrate), where the
adult worm lives
e.g. Trematodes that parasitize human
spend parts of their life histories in snail

 Flukes and
tapeworms are
parasitic
flatworms with
complex life
cycles

Mature flukes in blood

vessels of intestine
Male
Human
host

1 Sexual reproduction

6 Larva penetrates

The 200 millions

people around the
world who are
infected with blood
flukes (Schistotoma)
suffer from body
pains, anemia, and

Female

skin and
blood vessels

of flukes in human;
fertilized eggs pass
out in feces

2 Eggs hatch
in water

5 Larva that
infects
human

3 Larva

that
infects
snail

Asexual reproduction
of flukes in snail
Snail host

Monogeneans
Are external parasites of fishes
Life cycle: simple, with a ciliated, free
swimming larva starting an infection
on a host
Structural and chemical evidence
suggests that they are more closely
related to tapeworm than trematodes

Class Cestoidea (Tapeworm)

Parasitic
Adults live mostly
in vertebrates,
including humans
Lack digestive
tract, it absorbs
food predigested
by the host

Scolex
Head
Armed with
suckers and
often menacing
hooks that lock
the worm to the
intestinal lining
of the host

Units with
reproductive
structures

Hooks
Sucker

Head

Proglottids
Posterior to the
scolex
A long ribbon of
units which are
little more than
sacs of sex
organs

Proglottids with
reproductive
structures

Proglottids
Loaded with thousands of eggs, are
released from the posterior end of a
mature tapeworm and leave the host's
body with feces
In one type of life cycle, human feces
contaminate the food or water of
intermediate hosts (pigs,cattle) and the
tapeworm eggs develop into larvae that
encysts in the muscles of these animals

Proglottids
Humans acquire the larvae by eating
undercooked meat contaminated with
cysts, and the worms develop into
mature adults within the human
Large tapeworms (20 m or more in
length) can cause intestinal blockage and
can rob enough nutrients from the human
host to cause nutritional deficiencies
Niclosamide: orally administered drug
can kills the adult worms