An introduction to EVs

Hybrid
Electric
Vehicle
EV School presents:

Made By: Rahul Pandey

(03215004911) BTECH. IV YEAR
MSIT, JANAKPURI, NEW DELHI

Hybrid Vehicle

Any vehicle that combines two or more sources

of power that can directly or indirectly provide
propulsion power is a hybrid.

Examples
Trains ---Diesel-Electric Hybrid
Cars & SUVs- Gasoline- Electric Hybrid
Submarines- Nuclear Electric,Diesel-Electric

Gasoline Electric Hybrid Vehicle

Hybrid electric vehicles ("HEVs") = Internal

combustion engine + electric motor powered by
batteries.
Commonly Mistaken with Electric Vehicle.

Less fuel than traditional counterparts and without

recharging.
Same as driving any other conventional vehicle.

We all have owned a hybrid Vehicle at sometime.

E.g. Moped

Gasoline Power vs. Electric Power

Gas-powered car

Electric-powered car

It has a fuel tank, which

suppliesgasolineto the engine.
The engine then turns
atransmission, which turns the
wheels.

On the other hand, it has a set

ofbatteriesthat provides
electricity to anelectric motor.
The motor turns a
transmission, and then it turns
the wheels.

Electric Powered Car

Advantages over vehicles
with internal combustion
engines (ICEs):

Energy efficient.
Environmentally
friendly.
Performance benefits.
Reduce energy
dependence.

EVs do, however, face

significant batteryrelated challenges:

Driving range.
Recharge time.
Battery cost:
Bulk & weight:

Advantages Disadvantages

Why alternative needed?

Pollution caused by conventional cars

Increasing prices of fuel day by day
Fuel is a limited natural source
Better Mileage

In fact, gasoline-fueled HEVs are among a select

few vehicle technologies that can dramatically
increase fuel economy, while reducing pollution
and delivering top safety and performance.

Typical View of Gasoline- Electric Hybrid Vehicle

Some of the advanced technologies

typically used by hybrids include

Regenerative

Braking
Electric Motor Drive/Assist
Automatic Start/Shutof
Use low-rolling resistance
tires
Use lightweight materials

Various type of hybrid vehicle

SERIES HYBRID VEHICLE

PARALLEL HYBRID VEHICLE

SERIES PARALLEL HYBRID VEHICLE

Chevrolet Volt Series Hybrid

Honda InsightParallel Hybrid

Ford EscapeSeries Parallel

Series Hybrid

Simplest hybrid configuration.

Electric motor is the only means of providing power .
Engine size is smaller
The battery pack more powerful .
Series hybrids more expensive .
Engine in a series hybrid is not coupled to the wheels.
Series drivetrains perform best in stop-and-go driving .

POWER FLOW IN SERIES

HYBRID
Gasoline motor turns
a generator
Generator may either
charge the batteries
or power an electric
motor that drives the
transmission
At low speeds is
powered only by the
electric motor

11

Components included in a typical

series hybrid design.

Parallel Hybrid

Both the engine and the electric motor

generate the power that drives the wheels.
Smaller battery pack.
Engine is connected directly to the wheels.
Quite efficient on the highway.
Operates inefficiently in stop-and-go driving.

The power flowin a typical

parallel hybrid vehicle.

Series/Parallel
Series/Parallel Hybrid
Hybrid

Merges the advantages and complications of the parallel and

series.
Engine can both drive the wheels directly and be effectively
disconnected from the wheels .
The Toyota Prius ,new Ford Escape Hybrid.
Engine operates at near optimum efficiency more often.
This system incurs higher costs than a pure parallel hybrid.
It needs a generator, a larger battery pack, and more
computing power to control the dual system
It has potential to perform better.

HYBRID MILEAGE TIPS

You can get the best mileage from a hybrid

car by using the same kind of driving habits
that give you better mileage in your
gasoline-engine car:

Drive slower
Maintain a constant speed
Avoid abrupt stops

Advantages of HEVs

Use less oil than ICE

Emit less CO2 than ICE
Fuel efficiency increased
Less overall mass
Regenerative braking
Battery level efficiency
Tax incentives

TECHNOLOGY CHALLENGES
AND OPPORTUNITIES

Battery capacity reduces by time, even you do not use it.

This will impact fuel economy

Fuel economy is dependant

on battery capacity

The Honda Insights battery pack

120 Panasonic 1.2-volt cells (total 144 V)
Nickel metal hydride
100A discharge, and 50A charge rates
The system limits the usable capacity to
4ah to extend battery life

19

TECHNOLOGY CHALLENGES
AND OPPORTUNITIES

Time of battery changing is long

Batteries are heavy (100kg extra weight consumes 2L/100km
more)
Batteries are expensive
Low performance in hot or cold temperatures also may damage the
battery
Very sensitive to overcharge/undercharge(Battery life reduces
dramatically)
Contain toxic heavy metals, disposal issue

Opportunity for researchers:

Advance research projects on batteries are supported by governments
and industries

DISADVANTAGES OF HYBRID
CARS

Currently more expensive than conventional

Heavier than conventional, due to battery pack and electric motors
weight
Limited battery life
Expensive battery pack if you want to replace it
Safety issues, high voltage battery and fuel
Reliability, still under study,
More complex computer controlled systems
May have drivability issues
Expensive to repair
Towing Capacity

CAN A HYBRID VEHICLE

SAVE ME MONEY?
In terms of:
1.MSRP
2.KPL
3.SAVING ON FUEL YEARLY
4.PAYBACK PERIOD

Hybrid Model

Non-hybrid
Model

2014 Honda Accord Hybrid

EX-L

2014 Honda Accord

EX-L

2.0 L, 4 cyl, Automatic (variable gear ratios)

2.4 L, 4 cyl, Automatic (variable gear

ratios)

MSRP
$32,695
The hybrid vehicle's MSRP is$3,635 more.
Combined KPL
17
Estimated Fuel Savings with Hybrid

$29,060
12.75

Weekly

Monthly

Yearly

$12.12

$52.50

$630

( the years
required price will
meet the

in which the saving on

fuel difference in hybrid
car price.

Years to Payback:

5.8 yrs

CONCLUSIONS

Knowing what's under the hood of hybrid

electric vehicles will help you evaluate the
available choices in the market. Enjoy
driving into the future!

References:
1.) http://www.fueleconomy.gov
2.) http://auto.howstuffworks.com
3.) http://www.ucsusa.org
4.) http://www.greenhybrid.com
5.) http://autos.aol.com
6.)http://wikipedia.org
7.)http://www.afdc.energy.gov

Thanks for
your patience .