United Arab Emirates University

College of Engineering
Civil and Environmental Department

Graduation Project (1)

Strengthening of an existing
Instructor:concrete
Dr. Ashraf Biddah
reinforced
structure

Student Name
Nabil Raweh Qahtan
Mohammed Eisa Al-Harrasi
Hazem Bakri Al-Naser

ID No.
980410066
980710101
199901443

Introduction

Exclusive Summary

The general idea of the project.

Problems Facing reinforced concrete

structures.

Exclusive Summary
The main achievements:
Studying the Strengthening Methods.
Selection of an exiting building.
Experimental Test.
Beginning of Structural Analysis.

The general idea of the project

The owner of a residential building wanted to

convert his building to a commercial building.
According to change in the use of existing
structure, the structural system of the building
will be modified to fit the new changes.
PROBLEM: The old building cannot carry the
new loads that come from the changes.
DESIGN BRIEF : Design a strengthening
system that can increase the capacity of the
existing structural system to be able to carry
the new loads that come from the changes .

Problems Facing Reinforced

Concrete Structures

Load increases.

Damage to structural parts.

Improvements in suitability for use.

Modification of structural system.

Errors in planning or construction.

STRENGTHENING REINFORCED
CONCRETE STRUCTURES BY BONDING
:STEEL PLATES

1.
2.

Strengthening is the process of

adding capacity to a member of
structure.
Attachment of steel to concrete:
Adhesive connecting mechanism.
Bolting connecting mechanism.

Explanatory Sketch

Fig. 1 Techniques of plating reinforced concrete beams .

STRENGTHENING REINFORCED
CONCRETE STRUCTURES BY
:PRESTRESSING CABLES

Post-tensioning is a technique used

to prestress reinforced concrete after
concrete is placed.
The tensioning provides the member
with an immediate and active loadcarrying capability.

External Post-tensioned picture

The advantages of External

Prestressing

Ability to restress, destress and

exchange any external prestressing
cable.
Crack free members.
Reduce deflection.
High fatigue and impact resistance.

The Disadvantages of External

Prestressing

Usually requiring a greater section

depth.
More exposed to environmental
influences (fire, vandalism,
aggressive chemicals etc.).
Handling of the tensioning devices
may be more difficult.
High cost.

Concrete Jackets
(Section Enlargement)

Concrete Jackets
(Section Enlargement)

Enlargement is the
placement of additional
concrete and reinforcing
steel on an existing
structural member.
Beams, slabs, columns,
and walls, if necessary,
can be enlarged to add
stiffness or load-carrying
capacity.

Concrete Jackets

In most cases, the

enlargement must be
bonded to the existing
concrete to create a
monolithic member for
additional shear or
flexural capacity.

Column Compressive strengthening by

Section Enlargement
Enlarging the cross section of
an existing column will
strengthen the column by
increasing its load carrying
capacity.
A column can be enlarged in
various configurations.
The drying shrinkage effects in
the concrete used to enlarge the
column must be considered.

Section Enlargement
Method A
In the illustration, Method A
will accomplish efficient load
transfer if the new portion is cast
with a bond breaker between the
new and old concrete.
After most of the drying
shrinkage has occurred, the ties
that link the old and new
concrete can be installed.

Section Enlargement
Method A
The gap between the new
portion of the column and the
existing member (to be partially
supported by this column) can
be filled with dry packing
material.
This will allow the new
material to share its portion of
the load.

Section Enlargement
Methods B & C
When Methods B and C are used,
extreme care should be exercised to
select concrete mix designs with very
low shrinkage rates.
Pre placed aggregate concrete
generally offers the lowest drying
shrinkage; it is, therefore, an
excellent material for column
enlargements.

Disadvantages of the concrete

jackets

Increasing the size of the element, which make

its usage very limited.
Difficult to construct in some active buildings
such as hospitals, schools because of the noise
of equipments.
Needs shuttering, formworks, reinforced steel,
concrete, concrete pumps, vibrators, etc.

Fiber Reinforced
Polymer

Fiber Reinforced Polymer

(FRP)
FRP is a new class of composite
material for the development and
repair of new and deteriorating
structures in Civil Engineering.
Search for alternatives to Steel and
alloys to combat the high costs of
repair and maintenance of structures
damaged by corrosion and heavy use.

FRP Laminate Structure

FRPs are organized in a laminate

structure.
each lamina (flat layer) contains an
arrangement of unidirectional fibers
fabrics embedded within a thin layer
of light polymer matrix material.
FRP consists of two main components:
1. Fibers.
2. Resin or Matrix.

FRP Laminate Structure

Types of FRP
The three main types of fibers
used are:
Carbon.
Glass.
Aramid.

Suitability of FRP for Uses in

Structural Engineering

FRP properties and advantages makes it

ideal for wide spread applications in
construction worldwide.
FRP has a few disadvantages.

:Advantages of FRP

Corrosion Resistance.
Lightweight.
Ease of installation.
Less Finishing.
Less maintenance.
Ductility of FRP wrapped members
improves dramatically.
They are ideal for external application.

Advantages of FRP

They are extremely durable.

They are available in various
forms: sheets, plates, fabric, etc.
They are available in long lengths
that eliminates joints and splices.
They cure within 24 hours.
Versatility.
Anti-seismic behavior.

Disadvantages of FRP

High cost, susceptibility to

deformation under long-term loads
Temperature and moisture effects,
lack of design codes, and most
importantly, lack of awareness.

Decision
Steel plates

Concrete
jacketing

FRP

High Corrosion

Medium Corrosion

Corrosion resistance

Low Cost

High Cost

High Cost

High Installation
cost

High Installation cost .Ease of installation

more Maintenance

more Maintenance

Less Maintenance

Heavy Weight

Heavy Weight

light Weight

Introduction

M.S.Project gantt chart.

Lab tests on FRP material.
Cost estimation for G.P.1

M.S. Project Gantt Chart

M.S. Project Gantt Chart

Experimental lab test on FRP

material.

The main objective of this experiment

was to study the effect of different
environments on the behavior of FRP
material.

Beams Details

This experiment consists of 16 beams and 6 cubes.

Beams were divided to 4 groups, each group consists
of 4 beams with four different reinforcements.
Beams dimensions were 10cm x 10cm x 50cm.
Minimum reinforcement of one bar with 6mm
diameter (16) was used.

Groups Environment
Each group was exposed to four different
environments as follows:
Group 1:
Room temperature with 26 oC.
Group 2:
Hot water tank with 100 % humidity at 45 oC.
Group 3:
Oven (0% humidity) at 45 oC.
Group 4:
Outside exposed to sun radiation and the
variation in temperature through the 24
hours.

Equipments

Digital balance.
Molds of beams and cubes.
Mixer.
Vibrator.
Hot water tank.
Oven.
Cube test machine.
Beam test machine.

Materials
Concrete mix: water,
cement, sand, coarse
and small aggregates.
Plastic sheet.
FRP strips.
Strain gages.

Procedures

Steel reinforcements were

prepared.
Strain gages were fixed on the
steel reinforcement.
Concrete ingredients were
calculated, weighted and
mixed using a big mixer.
Concrete was poured in the
molds of beams and cubes.
Concrete was vibrated and
covered by plastic sheet.

Procedures

3 cubes were tested after 7 days.

Concrete beams and cubes were
removed from molds and cured in
potable water for 14 days.
Beams and cubes were exposed to
air drying in laboratory.

Procedures

FRP was applied with

layer of epoxy.
Beams were exposed to
the different
environments for 1000
hours.
3 cubes was tested after
28 days.
All beams was tested
after 1000 hours.

Experimental Result

Experimental Results

Experimental Results

Experimental Observations
1.

Effect of Fiber Reinforcement Polymer

(FRP) on strengthening the beams:
One FRP strip increased the beam's capacity
by about 100% for all environments.
Two strips of FRP increased the beam's
capacity by about 200% for all environments.
All reinforced beams strengthen with FRP
failed on de-bonding of the FRP at the end of
strips due to the shear force at this location.

Experimental Observations
2.

Environmental effect on the

beams:
The effect of environment on reinforced
concrete beams with steel only is
negligible.
Plain concrete with one strip of FRP
(shear force) was affected in hot
environments (humid and dry). Where
the effect of outdoor and indoor
environments was negligible.

Experimental Observations

The reinforced concrete beams strengthen

with FRP; (bond capacity between the
FRP and the concrete) was affected in hot
and humid environment.
Although the FRP in the outdoor
environment was subjected to the Ultra
Violet during the 1000 hrs exposure, no
reduction in the beam capacity was
noticed.

Cost Estimation
Item #

Item Description

Manufacturers

Cost/
unit

# units

Total
Cost
Dhs

5MM Steel Strain Gages Single

INSTALLATION
middle east

25

25

625

Super Glue 5g Bottle

INSTALLATION
middle east

22

44

Fiber Reinforcement Polymer

strips (Sika Carbodur S type)

Sika Company

75
Dhs/m

7m

525

FRP Epoxy (Sikadur 30 normal)

(6kg)

Sika Company

25

150

Reinforcement Steel Bars (#6)

Al-Moazam stores

12

24

Drawings Copying

17

68

Reinforcement Steel Welding

5/beam

12

60

Total Cost = 1496 Dhs (within the budget)

Analysis background

The most important and most

difficult task faced by the structural
designer is the accurate estimation
of the loads that may be applied to
the structure during its life.
The next problem is to decide the
worst possible combinations of these
loads that might occur at one time.

Analysis background

The loads that will be used in this

project are dead and live loads.
Dead loads are loads of constant
magnitude that remain in one
position.
Live loads are loads that can change
in magnitude and position.

Analysis background

ACI code (9.2) states that the

required ultimate load carrying
ability of the member U provided to
resist the dead load D and the live
load L must at least equal:
U = 1.4D + 1.7L

Analysis background

The Loads carried by the structure are

transferred from one structural element to
another until it reaches its final destination
to the supporting ground.
The loads that come from slabs to beams
can be estimated according to the slabs
design system and the geometry of these
slabs.

Analysis background

In one direction slabs the beam is

carrying half of the slab as a
rectangular or square shape.
In two way slabs the each beam
around the slab is carrying triangle
or trapezoidal shape of the slab.

Prokon Structural Analysis & Design

Prokon structural analysis and design

is a useful tool for analysis and
design of structures.
The PROKON suite has two main
components:
PROKON Calcpad.
PROKON analysis and design
modules .

Prokon Structural Analysis & Design

PROKON interface.

Prokon Structural Analysis & Design

Input parameters.

Prokon Structural Analysis & Design

Section dimensions.

Prokon Structural Analysis & Design

Spans lengths.

Prokon Structural Analysis & Design

Input loads.

Prokon Structural Analysis & Design

Shear and Moment diagrams.

Structural system of the building

Area = 750 m2.

It consists of two stories.
Types of slabs: One way Hurdy slabs,
two way hurdy slabs and two way
solid slabs.
Types of columns: Rectangular and
circular.
There are projected beams and
hidden beams.

Structural system of the building

The Floor cover = 2 KN/m2.

The Live load = 2 KN/m2.

Hurdy slab load

The unfactored loads calculation of

the one way Hurdy slabs.

Comparison between hand &

Prokon results

Hand results:
KN
KN

0
.
2
m

0
.
8
m

4
m
m3
KN
Wall weight 5.75
m
Self Weight 25

KN
KN
KN
4
) 13.65
m
m
m
Wu (l ) 2
13.65 (5.2) 2
Mu

46.137 KN .m
8
8
Wu l
13.65 5.2
Vu

35.5 KN
2
2
Wu 1.4 ( 5.75

Comparison between hand results

and Prokon results

PROKON results:

Conclusion

It was learned some modern

technologies
in
strengthening
concrete structures.
It was learned a new computer
software program.
The a knowledge that we gained
from structural analysis and design
courses were applied.

Conclusion

From the experimental results, it was

found that the FRP was effected by
20 % in the hot (0% humidity)
environment.
It was decided to use FRP to strength
the building.
It was learned how to analyze one
way Hurdy slabs and beams.

Thank You
for Listening