Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Selecting a Sample
Point Estimation
Introduction to Sampling Distributions
Sampling Distribution ofx
Sampling Distribution ofp
Properties of Point Estimators
Other Sampling Methods
Introduction
An
An element
element is
is the
the entity
entity on
on which
which data
data are
are collected.
collected.
A
A population
population is
is aa collection
collection of
of all
all the
the elements
elements of
of
interest.
interest.
A
A sample
sample is
is aa subset
subset of
of the
the population.
population.
The
The sampled
sampled population
population is
is the
the population
population from
from
which
which the
the sample
sample is
is drawn.
drawn.
A
A frame
frame is
is aa list
list of
of the
the elements
elements that
that the
the sample
sample will
will
be
be selected
selected from.
from.
Introduction
The
The reason
reason we
we select
select aa sample
sample is
is to
to collect
collect data
data to
to
answer
answer aa research
research question
question about
about aa population.
population.
The
The sample
sample results
results provide
provide only
only estimates
estimates of
of the
the
values
values of
of the
the population
population characteristics.
characteristics.
The
The reason
reason is
is simply
simply that
that the
the sample
sample contains
contains only
only aa
portion
portion of
of the
the population.
population.
With
With proper
proper sampling
sampling methods,
methods, the
the sample
sample results
results
can
can provide
provide good
good estimates
estimates of
of the
the population
population
characteristics.
characteristics.
Selecting a Sample
select
a random sample in order to make valid
statistical
inferences about the population from which
A random sample from an infinite population is a
the
sample selected such that the following conditions
sample is taken.
are satisfied.
Each element selected comes from the population
of interest.
Each element is selected independently.
Point Estimation
Point
Point estimation
estimation is
is aa form
form of
of statistical
statistical inference.
inference.
In
In point
point estimation
estimation we
we use
use the
the data
data from
from the
the sample
sample
to
to compute
compute aa value
value of
of aa sample
sample statistic
statistic that
that serves
serves
as
as an
an estimate
estimate of
of aa population
population parameter.
parameter.
We
We refer
refer to
to
mean
mean ..
xas
as the
the point
point estimator
estimator of
of the
the population
population
ss is
is the
the point
point estimator
estimator of
of the
the population
population standard
standard
deviation
deviation ..
is
ispthe
the point
point estimator
estimator of
of the
the population
population proportion
proportion p.
p.
Point Estimation
Point Estimation
Point Estimation
x as Point Estimator of
x
32,910
1097
30
30
i
s as Point Estimator of
s
2
(
x
x
)
i
29
163,996
75.2
29
p as Point Estimator of
p
p 20 30 .68
Point Estimation
Once all the data for the 900 applicants were
entered
in the colleges database, the values of the
population Mean MAT Score
Population
parameters of interest were
calculated.
xi
1090
900
Population Standard Deviation for MAT
2
Score
(
x
)
i
80
900
Population Proportion Wanting On-Campus
648
Housing
p
.72
900
Parameter
Value
Point
Estimator
Point
Estimate
= Population std.
deviation for
MAT score
80
s = Sample std.
deviation for
MAT score
.72
p= Sample pro.68
portion wanting
campus housing
MAT score
75.2
Practical Advice
The
The target
target population
population is
is the
the population
population we
we want
want to
to
make
make inferences
inferences about.
about.
The
The sampled
sampled population
population is
is the
the population
population from
from
which
which the
the sample
sample is
is actually
actually taken.
taken.
Whenever
Whenever aa sample
sample is
is used
used to
to make
make inferences
inferences about
about
aa population,
population, we
we should
should make
make sure
sure that
that the
the targeted
targeted
population
population and
and the
the sampled
sampled population
population are
are in
in close
close
agreement.
agreement.
Infinite Population
N n
x
( )
N 1 n
x
n
x
In most applications, the sampling distribution of
can be approximated by a normal distribution
whenever the sample is size 30 or more.
In cases where the population is highly skewed or
outliers are present, samples of size 50 may be
needed.