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Tinniam.V.Ganesh
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07/27/15

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Agenda Session 1
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Telecom and Wireless basics


History of Telecom
Digital Switching
Anatomy of Telephone call
PCM, Sampling, Nyquist criteria
Multiplexing
Principles of digital switching, time slot interchange
Signaling events, ISUP Call flow
Recap
SS7 Protocol Stack
SS7 Layers
Wireless Technology Terminologies
Recap
Quiz

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Trends in Telecom

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Technology

Realization

Period

Strowger,
Crossbar
exchanges

Electromechanical
relays. Operator
intervention

~1877 - 1975

Digital
Switches

Time slot interchange.


Entirely digital

~1965 onwards

Softswitch

Separation of control
~1996 onwards
and bearer signaling. IP
as transport mechanism

IMS

SIP, SDP signaling. All


IP Core.

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~ 2000 onwards

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Historical beginnings of
Telecom
Samuel Morse invents telegraph in 1837.
Alexander Graham Bell invents telephone in 1874.
Marconi experiments with wireless telegraph

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Early switching
exchanges

The initial exchanges were electro mechanical viz.


Strowger and Cross bar exchange
Later the exchanges became entirely digital and were known
as Electronic Switching System (ESS)

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Information transmitted as electrical


signals

Mouth piece converts


audio signal to electrical
signal
Electrical signal
transmitted over twisted
pair
Electrical signal
converted to vibrations in
earpiece

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Digital Switches

Digital Switches

Sample voice signal


Digitize voice samples
Convert to Pulse Code Modulation
Multiplex at sending end and de-multiplex at receiving end
Perform Time slot switching or Time Slot Interchange

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Pulse Code Modulation


Voice is transmitted using Pulse Code Modulation.
At the sending the voice signal is sampled, and modulated
before transmission
At the receiving end the signal is demodulated to obtain the
original signal
Pulse-code modulation (PCM) is a digital representation of an
analog signal where the magnitude of the signal is sampled
regularly at uniform intervals, then quantized to a series of
symbols in a numeric (usually binary) code.

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Bandwidth of human voice


Audible speech is in the range of 300 Hz to 4 KHz.

Sampling & quantization


Sampling is the reduction of a continuous signal to a discrete signal
Quantization is the process of approximating a continuous range of values (or a
very large set of possible discrete values) by a relatively small set of discrete
symbols or integer values.

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Nyquist sampling
frequency
Nyquist sampling frequency requires that in order to faithfully reproduce a
signal at the receiving end the sampling frequency should be twice that of
highest frequency
Voice bandwidth is 300 Hz 4 KHz.
Hence the sampling frequency should be 8 KHz.

Sampling a sine wave

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Calculations in
PCM
8 bits per PCM sample and sampled at 8 KHz
8 bits * 8000 samples per sec = 64000 bits/s = 64 Kbps
This is also known as DS0 or E0

Digitizing sampled levels


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G. 711
G.711 is an ITU-T standard for audio companding. It is primarily used in telephony.
The standard was released for usage in 1972.
G.711 represents logarithmic pulse-code modulation (PCM) samples for signals of
voice frequencies, sampled at the rate of 8000 samples/second.

A law and - Law

The -law and A-law algorithms encode 14-bit and 13-bit signed linear PCM
samples (respectively) to logarithmic 8-bit samples. Thus, the G.711 encoder will
create a 64 kbit/s bitstream for a signal sampled at 8 kHz.

There are two main compression algorithms defined in the standard, the -law
algorithm (used in North America & Japan) and A-law algorithm (used in Europe
and the rest of the world).

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Multiplexing
Intelecommunications,multiplexing, is used to refer to aprocesswhere
multiple analog message signals or digital data streams are combined into one
signal over a shared medium. For example, in telecommunications, several
phone calls may be transferred using one wire.

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Time-Division Multiplexing

In Time-Division Multiplexing(TDM) two or more signals or bit streams are


transferred simultaneously as sub-channels in one communication channel. The
time domain is divided into several recurrenttimeslotsof fixed length, one for each
sub-channel. A sample byte or data block of sub-channel 1 is transmitted during
timeslot 1, sub-channel 2 during timeslot 2, etc.

Ch 1

Ch 2

Ch 3

Ch 4

Ch 5

Ch 6

Ch 7

Ch 8

Time

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Standards in PCM
transmission

There are 2 main standards in the world for transmission of PCM signals
T-Carrier This is used in the North American market
E-Carrier This is used for European market
T1 24 channels * 64 Kbps = 1.544 Mbps
E1 32 channels * 64 Kbps = 2.048 Mbps

Level

North American

European

64 Kbps

64 kbps

1.544 Mbps (T1)

2.048 Mbps (E1)

6.312 Mbps (T2)

8.448 (E2)

44.736 Mbps (T3)

34.368 (E3)

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Digital switches
Digital switches aka as Electronic switches receive digitized voice samples.
Voice is sampled and digitized
Digitized PCM voice samples come to the digital switch
Switching or connecting callee and called party happens in memory by
switching the voice samples in two different time slots
Switching happens through a Time-Space-Time switching fabric

Signaling
&
Control

T
D
M

Line
Interfaces

Time
Slot
Interchange

Line
Interfaces

T
D
M

Architecture of a traditional circuit


switch
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Circuit Switching - Time Slot Interchange


Functionality
5

Time Slot
Interchange

5
k

k
Data in i

Write
Address

Data
out

Read
Address

Speech memory

Time slot counter

Connection
memory

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Signaling events in Telecom network

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Off-hook or origination
Dialing
Ringing and Ring Back Tone (RBT)
Answer
Disconnection

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Terminations at a Digital
switch
Digital switches connect the following terminations
1.Normal landlines or lines.
2.Trunk Lines (E1,E2,T1,T2 etc)

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1.

Classes of Telecom
switches
Class
5 switch This switch has both lines and trunks. This
switch also supports features like call forwarding, call hold
etc

Class 5 switch

1. Class 4 switch This switch only supports trunks. This is


also known as a Transit switch

Class 5 switch

Class 4 switch

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Class 5 switch

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ISUP Call Flow


Switch A

Switch B

A dials digits
Initial Address Message (IAM)

Bs phone rings..

Address Complete Message (ACM)

B Answers
Answer Message (ANM)

A disconnects

Release Message (REL)

B disconnects

Release Complete (RLC)

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Wireless
Networks

Wireless networks support wireless telephone calls using cell phones.


The digital switch in a wireless network is called a MSC.
The network elements in a wireless network are
1.MSC Mobile Switching Center. This network element is switches the
wireless calls between the calling and called mobile telephone
2.HLR Home Location Register - This is a database and stores the feature
supported by each mobile phone viz. IMEI number, IMSI, features
subscribed by the subscriber
3.BTS Base Transceiver Station. This network element keeps track of the
location of mobiles and the forwards the digitized voice to the MSC
4.BSC Controls several BTS
5.SCP Service Control Point Supports Intelligent Network
6.VLR Visitor Location Network Keeps tracks mobiles roaming in its
network

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Wireless Network

HLR

BSC

SCP

Mobile Switching Centre


(MSC)

VLR

BTS
Other
MSC

BTS

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Benefits of the circuit


switches
Digital Switches have the following merits
Are very feature rich. Lucents 5ESS has close to 3000 features
Support 99.9999 % (6 nines) availability
Support all regulatory services like 911, CALEA etc

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SIGNALING SYSTEM 7 (SS7)

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WHAT IS COMMUNICATION ?
Communication is used between 2 network elements to exchange information.
There are 2 types of domains in the communication world
Data communication
Telecommunication

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DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TELECOM & DATACOM

Telecommunication

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Data Communication

Network used for making voice calls


between telephones

Network used for transferring data from


one computer to another

Telephones were the end points

Computers were the end point

Uses protocols like ISUP, ISDN

Predominantly uses TCP/IP

Network elements are MSC, HLR, SCP


etc

Network elements are Routers, hubs,


ATMs, bridges etc

Uses circuit switching

Uses packet switching

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NETWORKS OF TODAY

In the networks of today telecommunication networks are used to download data


e.g.GPRS

Data networks are used for making Voice Calls e.g. VOIP

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WHAT IS SIGNALING ?
Signaling refers to the exchange of information between network elements
Signaling between network elements follows a specific protocol
A Protocol refers to the set of rules for communicating between the elements

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WHAT IS SS7 SIGNALING ?


Signaling System 7 was devised by ITU-T (formerly known as CCITT)
Initially the signaling in trunks used to happen on the same channel in which
the voice call used to occur. Hence call setup, digits etc would use the same
line as the actual voice circuit
In SS7 a separate channel is allocated just for signaling. This is known as
Out-Of- Band signaling

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SS7 SIGNALING
Signaling happens in a separate channel outside of the voice channels
A separate timeslot is used to transfer signaling messages like call setup,
teardown etc
This is also known as Common Channel Signaling (CCS)

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ADVANTAGES OF OUT OF BAND SIGNALING


Allows signaling at any phase of the call
Allows upto 56 Kbps of signaling information

Switch A

Switch B

Voice Trunk
Signaling Link
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SS7 STACK
CAP,MAP

ISUP,TUP..

Application layer

TCAP

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SCCP

Network layer

MTP 3

Network layer

MTP 2

Data link layer

MTP 1

Physical layer

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SS7 LAYERS

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MTP Message Transfer Part


SCCP Signaling and Connection Control Part
TCAP Transaction Capabilities Application Part
CAP CAMEL Application Part
ISUP ISDN User Part
MAP Mobile Application Part

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SS7 PROTOCOLS
SS7 protocols can be classified as call related and non-call related

Call related protocols ISUP (ISDN User Part), B-ISUP (Broadband ISUP)

Non-call related protocols


INAP (Intelligent Network Application Part)
CAP (CAMEL Application Part)
MAP (Mobile Application Part)

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SS7 STANDARD BODIES

The SS7 standard body for North American market is ANSI (American National
Standards Institute). The ANSI versions are ANSI ISUP, ANSI TCAP etc.

The SS7 standard body for European market is ETSI (formerly CCITT). The ETSI versions
of the protocols are ETSI ISUP, ETSI TCAP etc.

There are minor variations in the protocols by the two standard bodies.

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SS7 Link speeds


There are 2 main standards in the world for transmission of PCM
signals
T-Carrier This is used in the North American market
E-Carrier This is used for European market
T1 24 channels * 64 Kbps = 1.544 Mbps
E1 32 channels * 64 Kbps = 2.048 Mbps

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Level

North American

European

64 Kbps

64 kbps

1.544 Mbps (T1)

2.048 Mbps (E1)

6.312 Mbps (T2)

8.448 (E2)

44.736 Mbps (T3)

34.368 (E3)

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SS7

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Signaling System Number 7 (SS#7 or C7) is the protocol used by the


telephone companies for interoffice signaling. In the past, in-band signaling
techniques were used on interoffice trunks. This method of signaling used
the same physical path for both the call-control signaling and the actual
connected call. This method of signaling is inefficient and is rapidly being
replaced by out-of-band or common-channel signaling techniques.

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SS7 Stack

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SS7 Layers
Physical Layer (MTP-1)
This defines the physical and electrical characteristics of the signaling links of the SS7
network. Signaling links utilize DS0 channels and carry raw signaling data at a rate of
56 kbps or 64 kbps (56 kbps is the more common implementation).
Message Transfer PartLevel 2 (MTP-2)
The level 2 portion of the message transfer part (MTP Level 2) provides link-layer
functionality. It ensures that the two end points of a signaling link can reliably exchange
signaling messages. It incorporates such capabilities as error checking, flow control,
and sequence checking.
Message Transfer PartLevel 3 (MTP-3)
The level 3 portion of the message transfer part (MTP Level 3) extends the functionality
provided by MTP level 2 to provide network layer functionality. It ensures that messages
can be delivered between signaling points across the SS7 network regardless of whether
they are directly connected. It includes such capabilities as node addressing, routing,
alternate routing, and congestion control.

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SS7 Layers (contd.)


Signaling Connection Control Part (SCCP)
The signaling connection control part (SCCP) provides two major functions that are
lacking in the MTP. The first of these is the capability to address applications within a
signaling point. The MTP can only receive and deliver messages from a node as a whole;
it does not deal with software applications within a node.
While MTP network-management messages and basic call-setup messages are
addressed to a node as a whole, other messages are used by separate applications
(referred to as subsystems) within a node. Examples of subsystems are 800 call
processing, calling-card processing, advanced intelligent network (AIN), and custom
local-area signaling services (CLASS) services (e.g., repeat dialing and call return). The
SCCP allows these subsystems to be addressed explicitly.

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SCCP

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The second function provided by the SCCP isGlobal Title translation, the ability to perform
incremental routing using a capability called global title translation (GTT). GTT frees
originating signaling points from the burden of having to know every potential destination to
which they might have to route a message. A switch can originate a query, for example, and
address it to an STP along with a request for GTT. The receiving STP can then examine a
portion of the message, make a determination as to where the message should be routed,
and then route it.
For example, calling-card queries (used to verify that a call can be properly billed to a calling
card) must be routed to an SCP designated by the company that issued the calling card.
Rather than maintaining a nationwide database of where such queries should be routed
(based on the calling-card number), switches generate queries addressed to their local STPs,
which, using GTT, select the correct destination to which the message should be routed.
Note that there is no magic here; STPs must maintain a database that enables them to
determine where a query should be routed. GTT effectively centralizes the problem and
places it in a node (the STP) that has been designed to perform this function.
In performing GTT, an STP does not need to know the exact final destination of a message.
It can, instead, perform intermediate GTT, in which it uses its tables to find another STP
further along the route to the destination. That STP, in turn, can perform final GTT, routing
the message to its actual destination.
Intermediate GTT minimizes the need for STPs to maintain extensive information about
nodes that are far removed from them. GTT also is used at the STP to share load among
mated SCPs in both normal and failure scenarios. In these instances, when messages arrive
at an STP for final GTT and routing to a database, the STP can select from among available
redundant SCPs. It can select an SCP on either a priority basis (referred to as primary
backup) or so as to equalize the load across all available SCPs (referred to as load sharing).

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ISUP
ISDN User Part (ISUP)
ISUP user part defines the messages and protocol used in the establishment and tear
down of voice and data calls over the public switched network (PSN), and to manage the
trunk network on which they rely. Despite its name, ISUP is used for both ISDN and
nonISDN calls. In the North American version of SS7, ISUP messages rely exclusively
on MTP to transport messages between concerned nodes.

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SS7 Layers (contd.)


Transaction Capabilities Application Part (TCAP)
TCAP defines the messages and protocol used to communicate between applications
(deployed as subsystems) in nodes. It is used for database services such as calling card,
800, and AIN as well as switch-to-switch services including repeat dialing and call
return. Because TCAP messages must be delivered to individual applications within the
nodes they address, they use the SCCP for transport.
Operations, Maintenance, and Administration Part (OMAP)
OMAP defines messages and protocol designed to assist administrators of the SS7
network. To date, the most fully developed and deployed of these capabilities are
procedures for validating network routing tables and for diagnosing link troubles. OMAP
includes messages that use both the MTP and SCCP for routing.

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SS7 Layers (contd.)


Mobile Application Part (MAP)messages sent between mobile switches and databases to
support user authentication, equipment identification, and roaming are carried by TCAP.
In mobile networks (IS-41 and GSM) when a mobile subscriber roams into a new mobile
switching center (MSC) area, the integrated visitor location register requests service
profile information from the subscriber's home location register (HLR) using MAP (mobile
application part) information carried within TCAP messages.
The Mobile Application Part (MAP), one of protocols in the SS7 suite, allows for the
implementation of mobile network (GSM) signaling infrastructure. The premise behind
MAP is to connect the distributed switching elements, called mobile switching centers
(MSCs) with a master database called the Home Location Register (HLR). The HLR
dynamically stores the current location and profile of a mobile network subscriber. The
HLR is consulted during the processing of an incoming call. Conversely, the HLR is
updated as the subscriber moves about the network and is thus serviced by different
switches within the network.
MAP has been evolving as wireless networks grow, from supporting strictly voice, to
supporting packet data services as well. The fact that MAP is used to connect NexGen
elements such as the Gateway GPRS Support node (GGSN) and Serving Gateway
Support Node (SGSN) is a testament to the sound design of the GSM signaling system.
MAP has several basic functions:
Mechanism for a Gateway-MSC (GMSC) to obtain a routing number for an incoming call
Mechanism for an MSC via integrated Visitor Location Register (VLR) to update
subscriber status and routing number.
Subscriber CAMEL trigger data to switching elements via the VLR
Subscriber supplementary service profile and data to switching elements via the VLR.

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ISUP

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ISUP (ISDN User Part)defines the messages and protocol used in the establishment and
tear down of voice and data calls over the public switched telephone network (PSTN),
and to manage the trunk network on which they rely. Despite its name, ISUP is used for
both ISDN and nonISDN calls. In the North American version of SS7, ISUP messages
rely exclusively on MTP to transport messages between concerned nodes.
ISUP controls the circuits used to carry either voice or data traffic. In addition, the state
of circuits can be verified and managed using ISUP. The management of the circuit
infrastructure can occur both at the individual circuit level and for groups of circuits.
Services that can be defined using ISUP include: Switching, Voice mail, Internet offload.
ISUP is ideal for applications such as switching and voice mail in which calls are routed
between endpoints.
When used in conjunction with TCAP and SIGTRAN, ISUP becomes an enabler for
Internet offload solutions in which Internet sessions of relatively long duration can be
isolated from relatively brief phone conversations.

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IMSI
The IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity) is a unique 15-digit code used to identify an
individual user on a GSM network.
The IMSI consists of three components:
a)
Mobile Country Code (MCC)
b)
Mobile Network Code (MNC)
c)
Mobile Subscriber Identity Number (MSIN)
d)
The IMSI is stored in the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM).
e)
It is also used for acquiring other details of the mobile in theHome Location
Register(HLR) or as locally copied in theVisitor Location Register.
f)
The IMSI is used inanymobile network that interconnects with other networks, in
particularCDMAandEVDOnetworks as well as GSM networks. This number is
provisioned in the phone directly
IMSI - 310150123456789

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MCC

310

USA

MNC

150

AT&T

MSIN

123456789

MSIN

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TMSI
TMSI Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity

A TMSI is used to protect the true identity (IMSI) of a subscriber. It is issued by and
stored within a VLR (not in the HLR) when an IMSI attach takes place or a Location Area
(LA) update takes place. At the MS it is stored in the MSs SIM. The issued TMSI only
has validity within a specific LA.

Since TMSI has local significance, the structure may be chosen by the administration. It
should not be more than four octets.

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MSISDN
MSISDN

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MSISDNis a number uniquely identifying a subscription in aGSMor


aUMTSmobile network. Simply put, it is the telephone number of theSIM cardin a
mobile/cellular phone. This abbreviation has several interpretations, the most
common one being "Mobile Subscriber Integrated Services Digital Network Number".
The MSISDN together withIMSIare two important numbers used for identifying a
mobile subscriber. The latter identifies theSIM, i.e. the card inserted in to the mobile
phone, while the former is used for routing calls to the subscriber.
The MSISDN represents the true or dialled number associated with the subscriber.
It is assigned to the subscriber by the network operator at registration and is stored
in the SIM.

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IMEI
IMEI

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TheInternational Mobile Equipment IdentityorIMEI is a number, usually unique,to


identifyGSM,WCDMA, andmobile phones, as well as somesatellite phones. It is
usually found printed inside the battery compartment of the phone. It can also be
displayed on the screen of the phone by entering*#06#into the keypad on most
phones.
The IMEI number is used by theGSMnetwork to identify valid devices and therefore
can be used for stopping a stolen phone from accessing the network in that country.
For example, if amobile phoneis stolen, the owner can call his or her network
provider and instruct them to "ban" the phone using its IMEI number

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MSRN
MSRN Mobile Station Roaming Number
The MSRN is a temporary, location-dependant ISDN number issued by the parent VLR to all
MSs within its area of responsibility. It is stored in the VLR and associated HLR but not
in the MS. The MSRN is used by the VLR associated MSC for call routing within the
MSC/VLR service area.

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Intelligent Network
GMSC
gsmSSF
C

gsmSRF

gsmSCF

HLR

gsmSSF VLR
MSC

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INAP

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Intelligent Network Application Part (INAP) is the signaling protocol used in Intelligent
Networking. Developed by the International Telecommunication Union(ITU), IN is
recognized as a global standard. Within the International Telecommunications Union, a
total functionality of the IN has been defined and implemented in digestible segments
called capability sets. The first version to be released was Capability Set 1 (CS-1).
Currently CS-2 is defined and available. The CAMEL Application Part (CAP) is a
derivative of INAP and enables the use of INAP in mobile GSM networks.

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Service Switching Point (SSP)

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Service Switching Point (SSP)is a physical entity in the Intelligent Network that
provides the switching functionality. SSP the point of subscription for the service user,
and is responsible for detecting special conditions during call processing that cause a
query for instructions to be issued to the SCP.
The SSP contains Detection Capability to detect requests for IN services. It also contains
capabilities to communicate with other physical entities containing SCF, such as SCP,
and to respond to instructions from the other physical entities. Functionally, an SSP
contains a Call Control Function, a Service Switching Function, and, if the SSP is a
local exchange, a Call Control Agent Function. It also may optionally contain Service
Control Function, and/or a Specialized Resource Function, and/or a Service Data
Function. The SSP may provide IN services to users connected to subtending Network
Access Points.
The SSP is usually provided by the traditional switch manufacturers. These switches are
programmable and they can be implemented using multipurpose processors. The main
difference of SSP from an ordinary switch is in the software where the service control of
IN is separated from the basic call control.

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Service Control Point (SCP)

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Service Control Point (SCP)validates and authenticates information from the service
user, processing requests from the SSP and issuing responses.The SCP stores the
service provider instructions and data that direct switch processing and provide call
control. At predefined points during processing an incoming or outgoing call, the switch
suspends what it is doing, packages up information it has regarding the processing of
the call, and queries the SCP for further instruction. The SCP executes user-defined
programs that analyze the current state of the call and the information received from
the switch. The programs can then modify or create the call data that is sent back to
the switch. The switch then analyzes the information received from the SCP and follows
the provided instruction to further process the call.
Functionally, an SCP contains Service Control Function (SCF) and optionally also
Service Data Function (SDF). The SCF is implemented in Service Logic Programs (SLP).
The SCP is connected to SSPs by a signalling network. Multiple SCPs may contain the
same SLPs and data to improve service reliability and to facilitate load sharing between
SCPs. I

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Intelligent Peripheral (IP)

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Intelligent Peripheral (IP)provides resources such as customized and concatenated


voice announcements, voice recognition, and Dual Tone Multi-Frequencies (DTMF) digit
collection, and contains switching matrix to connect users to these resources. The IP
supports flexible information interactions between a user and the network. Functionally,
the IP contains the Special Resource Function. The IP may directly connect to one or
more SSPs, and/or may connect to the signalling network.

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59

SS7 APPLICATION LAYER

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At the application layer there are the following protocols


Call related
ISDN User Part (ISUP) supports basic telephone call connect/disconnect between
end offices.
Non-call related
CAP Camel Application Part is used to access a database ,the SCP and influence
the call

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60

SS7 SIGNALING ARCHITECTURE


There are 3 main elements in SS7 signaling architecture
SSP These are SS7 capable digital switches
STP These are SS7 capable network elements that route incoming SS7 messages to the
correct destination
SCP These are databases which take part in non-call related SS7 signaling

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ISUP CALL FLOW


Switch A

Switch B

A dials digits
Initial Address Message (IAM)

Bs phone rings..

Address Complete Message (ACM)

B Answers
Answer Message (ANM)

A disconnects

Release Message (REL)

B disconnects

Release Complete (RLC)

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ISUP
A simple call flow using ISUP signaling is as follows:
Call set up:When a call is placed to an out-of-switch number, the originating SSP transmits an
ISUP initial address message (IAM) to reserve an idle trunk circuit from the originating
switch to the destination switch. The destination switch rings the called party line if the line
is available and transmits an ISUP address complete message (ACM) to the originating
switch to indicate that the remote end of the trunk circuit has been reserved. The STP
routes the ACM to the originating switch which rings the calling party's line and connects it
to the trunk to complete the voice circuit from the calling party to the called party.
Call connection:When the called party picks up the phone, the destination switch terminates
the ringing tone and transmits an ISUP answer message (ANM) to the originating switch via
its home STP. The STP routes the ANM to the originating switch which verifies that the
calling party's line is connected to the reserved trunk and, if so, initiates billing.
Call tear down:If the calling party hangs-up first, the originating switch sends an ISUP release
message (REL) to release the trunk circuit between the switches. The STP routes the REL to
the destination switch. If the called party hangs up first, or if the line is busy, the
destination switch sends an REL to the originating switch indicating the release cause (e.g.,
normal release or busy). Upon receiving the REL, the destination switch disconnects the
trunk from the called party's line, sets the trunk state to idle, and transmits an ISUP
release complete message (RLC) to the originating switch to acknowledge the release of the
remote end of the trunk circuit. When the originating switch receives (or generates) the RLC,
it terminates the billing cycle and sets the trunk state to idle in preparation for the next call.

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63

SS7 VS OSI STACK

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64

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65

Questions ?

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66

Quiz 1
1.
2.
3.

4.
5.

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PCM is the technique where the magnitude of the signal is sampled and digitized.
a) True
b) False
The bit rate of DS0 or E0 PCM channel is
a) 56 Kbps b) 2 Mbps
c) 64 Kbps
d) 8 Khz
Time division multiplexing is
a. Transferring multiple lower rate channels onto higher bit rate channel
b. Sampling a signal in multiples of time
c. Using several carrier frequencies to multiplex a channel
d. Uses G.711 law
T Carrier is North American market and E Carrier is European
a. True
b. False
The principle of digital switching is based on
a. Mapping IP addresses to port numbers
b. Performing layer 2 switching
c. Based on Time slot interchange
d. OSI Network layer

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67

Quiz 1
6.

Which of the below is not a signaling event


a. Off hook
b. On hook
c. Ringing
d. conversation
7. Central Offices are usually
a. Class 4 switch b. Class 5 switch c. Classless switch
d. Class 3 switch
8. What is the ISUP message that is returned when B party answers
a. ACM
b) ANM
c) REL
d) IAM
9. Which element is not usually considered as a part of a wireless network
a. HLR
b. MSC
c. Router d. VLR
10. Which of the following is true of SS7 protocol
a. is an out-of-band signaling b. Uses in-band signaling c. Devises by IETF d. is based on OSI
11. Which of the following is not a function of the SCCP Layer
a. Routing to Signaling points b. Routing to subsystems c. Performing electrical properties d.
Doing flow control
12. A persons mobile number is
a. IMSI b. IMEI c. TMSI
d. MSISDN
13. The IN architecture does not include
a. SSP b. SCP d. IP e. HLR

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68

Agenda Session 2
Evolution of Wireless Technologies
1. Comparison of SS7 & OSI stack
2. 1G
3. 2G
4. 2.5G
5. 3G
6. 3.5G
7. 4G
8. Recap
9. TDMA, FDMA, CDMA
10. CDMA Basics
11. GSM Architecture
12. Access, Core Network
13. Cellular concepts - Roaming, Registration, Handoff
14. Traffic Engineering concepts
15. Recap
16. Quiz 2

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69

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70

First Mobile radio 1924

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71

First Generation Systems (1G)


These were analog systems
Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS)

US trials 1978; deployed in Japan (79) & US (83)

800 MHz band two 20 MHz bands

Still widely used in US and many parts of the world


Uses FDMA

Nordic Mobile Telephony (NMT)


Launched in 1981

Sweden, Norway, Finland

Initially 450 Mhz, later in the 900 MHz band


Total Access Communication System (TACS)

Similar to AMPS,

British design in 1985

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Second Generation (2G)

Digital Systems
Leverage technology to increase capacity
Speech compression, digital signal processing
Greater security against fraud
Variety of 2G Systems
IS-54 and IS-136
Uses Time Division Multiplexing (TDM). Introduced in 1990 in North America
Digital voice channels and analog control channels
IS-136
Introduced in 1994 in North America
Digital Voice and digital control channels

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73

Second generation 2G (contd)


GSM
GSM was developed in 1982 under Conference on European Posts and Telecommunications
(CEPT)
Formal standardization took place in 1989 under ETSI
GSM operates in 900 MHz band
Uses TDMA.
IS-95 CDMA
Both IS-136 & GSM use TDMA.
CDMA all users share same frequency. The signal from each user is modulated with a
separate code.
Introduced in 1989 by Qualcomm, San Diego, Califormia
Deployed in North America and Korea.
In North America occupies 800 Mhz band

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74

Interfaces between components


MS
Um
BTS

HLR

VLR
BSC
Abis

MSC
A

MS

AuC

GMSC

BTS
E
Abis
A

MSC

F
EIR

E
PSTN

BSC
Um
BTS

X.25
VLR
X.25
OMC Server

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75

GPRS (2.5 G)
GPRS
GPRS is an enhancement over the GSM and adds some nodes in the network to provide the
packet switched services. These network nodes are called GSNs (GPRS Support Nodes)
and are responsible for the routing and delivery of the data packets to and from the MS
and external packet data networks (PDN).

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76

GPRS Network Elements


GPRS adds 2 Network Elements to the network
Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN)
Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN)
Allows bit rates up to 170 kbps

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77

2.5G Architectural details

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78

Third Generation (3G)

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IMT-200 was formed to handle higher network capacity


144 Kbps for mobile service
2MBps for fixed access
Operates in the 2Ghz band
The main technologies were selected
Wideband CDMA (WCDMA)
CDMA 2000 (an evolution of IS 95 CDMA)
TDD-CDMA and TD-SCDMA)

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79

3G Rel 99 Architecture

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80

Benefits of 3G

High Quality Voice Service


The quality of voice falls under 3G will be much higher compared to 2G services.
Enhanced content services
3G users can download full music files, full movie files and other files at high speed.
Mobile Broadband
3G User can use his handset for high speed Internet any time anywhere (where connectivity is
available :P)
Video Services
3G user can enjoy the video call facility wherein both the caller and receiver will be able to see
each other while speaking if both have 3G services and 3G enabled handsets. 3G enables its
users to send Video mails and , Video clips.
Mobile TV
3G users can watch TV programmes of different video channels as per his liking while on the
move.

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81

Fourth Generation 4G
To handle even higher data throughputs we have the 4G technology
1.
Long Term Evolution (LTE)
2.
Wireless Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)
3.
Uses an all-IP core network
4.
Data rates upto 100 Mbps

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82

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83

1G Technologies'

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84

FDMA

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Available spectrum divided into radio channels at different frequencies


In AMPS, available spectrum is divided into 30Mhz channels
One of the 30Khz channel assigned for call
2 channels one in each direction (FDD)
Technique is known as FDD FDMA

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85

2G - TDMA

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86

TDMA

TDMA is an assigned frequency band shared among a few users. However, each user is
allowed to transmit in predetermined time slots. Hence, channelization of users in the
same band is achieved through separation in time.

Radio channel is divided into time slots,


User A assigned to time slot 1, user B to time slot 2 and so on.
We could have FDD TDMA or TDD TDMA

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87

Multiple radio Access techniques

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88

Multiple Access Methods

AMPS 30KHz carriers Full duplex

1.25 Mhz carriers 800/1900 Mhz


Cellular/PCS Full-Duplex

US TDMA IS-136 & GSM Full Duplex


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Multiple Access Techniques

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Frequency Division Multiple Access allocates a discrete amount of bandwidth per user
Time Division Multiple Access allocates unique time slots for each user
Code Division Multiple Access all users share the same frequency all the time. A
unique code assigned to each user allows it to be distinguished from other users

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90

Introduction to CDMA

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91

Code Division Multiple Access

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CDMA employsspread-spectrumtechnology and a special coding scheme (where each


transmitter is assigned a code) to allow multiple users to be multiplexed over the same
physical channel
CDMA uses Direct Sequence spreading, where spreading process is done by directly combining
the baseband information to high chip rate binary code.

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Spread Spectrum Techniques

Transmission of a signal has 2 characteristics


Carrier frequency
Bandwidth

Fc carrier

bandwidth

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93

Spread Spectrum vs. other modulation

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Amplitude modulation : The bandwidth is twice the baseband on either side of the
carrier
Frequency modulation modulates the carrier frequency with the baseband signal
Digital modulation like QPSK give higher spectral efficiency
In spread spectrum the transmitted signal is spread using a bandwidth much larger
than that required by mixing the data and the spreading code signal.

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94

Spread Spectrum - Characteristics

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Transmission bandwidth much larger than that of the bandwidth or rate of


the baseband data
Transmission bandwidth dependent on the rate of the code used for
spreading

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95

Spread Spectrum technique


User Information 1 0 1

001010001011 110101110100 001010001011

Spread information

110101110100 110101110100

Cyclic code
generator
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96

Spread Spectrum - Techniques

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Four main techniques

Direct Sequence (DS) carrier modulated by a digital code larger than the signal
information bit rate. These systems are also called Pseudo-noise systems

Frequency Hopping (FH) carrier frequency shifted in discrete increments in a


pattern generated by code sequence

Time Hopping (TH) transmission time divided into frames and frames into time
slots. During each frame one and only one time slot is modulated with the
message.

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97

Direct Sequence Spread


Spectrum
Information
bits

Baseband
modulation

Baseband de modulation

PN sequence
generator

Information
bits

PN Sequence
generator

Commonly used due to simplicity


Direct modulation of carrier using the PN sequence.
Occupies the whole available spectrum.
Modulation can be AM, FM, BPSK or QPSK
For an information rate of 10 kbps a code rate of 1Mcps producing a spread spectrum
signal of 1 Mcps.*

* chip each bit in a PN sequence is called chip to distinguish it from information bits

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98

Frequency Hopping

Frequencies selected from a pre-determined group within a available spectrum and


they change in order defined by a pseudo-random sequence with characteristics
similar to thermal noise

Time

f1

f2

f3

f4

Each bit in pseudo sequence called chip to


distinguish it from data bit
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Frequency

99
99

Frequency Hopping

Information
bits

Baseband
modulation

PN sequence
generator

Bandpass
filter

Frequency
synthesizer

Baseban
de modulati
on

Frequency
synthesizer

Information
bits

PN Sequence
generator

On the reception side the PN sequence generator defines the centre frequency of
bandpass filter and the frequency for the demodulation process. The demodulation can
only succeed if both the transmission and reception are synchronized.

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100

CDMA

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Immunity to interference and higher user capacity


Low probability of interception and jamming
Based on the IS-95 protocol standard Operates in the 900Mhz and 1900Mhz band
Work on development of CDMA standard is by the CDMA development group (CDG) now
known as cdmaOne

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101

Evolution of CDMA (contd.)

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CDMA 2000 1XEV has 2 variants


CDMA 2000 1XEV DO (evolution data only) capable of delivering streaming
multimedia with rates upto 2.4 Mbps in mobile environment
CDMA 2000 1X EVDV (evolution data and voice) capable of delivering
integrated voice and data services of upto 3.09 Mbps

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102

Background to GSM

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1G : Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS)


Analog, Circuit Switched, FDMA, FDD
2G : Global System for Mobile (GSM)
Digital, Circuit Switched, FDMA and TDMA, FDD
2G : Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
Digital, Circuit Switched, FDMA, SS, FDD

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GSM System specifications


Frequency band
Uplink
Downlink
Duplex Frequency Spacing
Carrier separation
Frequency Channels
Time Slots /Frame(Full Rate)
Voice Coder Bit Rate
Modulation
Air transmission rate
Access method
Speech Coder

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890 - 915 MHz


935 - 960MHz
45MHz
200KHz
124
8
13Kbps
GMSK
270.833333 Kbps
FDMA/TDMA
RPE-LTP-LPC

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104

GSM uses paired radio channels


NK
I
L
UP

INK
L
N
W
DO
890MHz

915MHz

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124

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935MHz

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960MHz

124

105
105

GSM Architecture

It provides an overview of the GSM network architecture. This includes a


brief explanation of the different network subsystems and a description
of the functionality of the elements within each of the subsystems.
General architecture overview
The Mobile Station (MS) Subsystem and Elements
The Base Station Subsystem (BSS) and Elements
BTS Base Transceiver System
BSC Base Station Controller
The Network Subsystem (NSS) and Elements

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106

Elements of a GSM Network

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Mobile Station (MS)


Mobile Equipment (ME)
Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)

Base Station Subsystem (BSS)


Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
Base Station Controller (BSC)

Network Switching Subsystem(NSS)


Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
Home Location Register (HLR)
Visitor Location Register (VLR)
Authentication Center (AUC)
Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

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107

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108

Base Station Subsystem


The BSC:
Allocates a channel for the duration of a call
Maintains the call:
monitors quality
controls the power transmitted by the BTS or MS
generates a handover to another cell when required
The BTS:
Provide radio access to the mobile stations
Manage the radio access aspects of the system

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Network Subsystem
Can be considered as a heart of the GSM Network.
All the major activities like
Routing,
Security functions,
Call handling, charging,
Operation & maintenance,
Handover decisions,

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Various kinds of interfaces are used to communicate between the different entities.
Different methods are used to optimize and provide the quality network with the
minimum operating cost.

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110

Mobile Switching Center (MSC)

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Performs call switching


Interface of the cellular network to PSTN
Routes calls between PLMN and PSTN
Queries HLR when calls come from PSTN to mobile user
Inter-BSC Handover
Paging
Billing

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111

2G Architecture
ISUP

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112

2G Architecture
Gi

PSTN

GMSC

GGSN

AuC
C
PSTN

HLR

PSTN

VLR

Gf
Gs

MSC

Gn
Gr

EIR
F

Gc

VLR

SGSN

MSC

Gp

CN
A

Gb

IuPS

IuCS

RNS

BSS
BSC
Abis

BTS

Iur

RNC

RNC

Iubis

BTS

NodeB

NodeB

cell

Um

Uu
ME
SIMMEi/f

SIM

or

Cu

USIM
MS

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113

Important cellular Concepts

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114

Registration

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Every mobile in the network communicates its location, and identification to the
network through the registration process
Knowing the location allows the BTS to page the mobile when a MS terminated
call is requested.
Power up registration occurs when the MS is turned on and enter the mobile
idle state
Power down registration when turned off
Timer based registration: The MS must register according to preprogrammed timer
Distance based registration : When it reaches a pre-specified distance from
the BTS
Zone based registration: occurs based on internal zone configuration ,
when a MS enter a new zone
Parameter change registration: Occurs when a parameter changes
Ordered registration : occurs every time the system requests registration
Traffic channel registration: occurs when the MS registers while requesting
a traffic channel allocation

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115

Roaming

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MSs are considered home when they are located in their home system, where they are
registered and allowed to operate
They are roamers when they are out of their home systems
MSs have a list of locations where they are in the home system
Roamingis a general term referring to the extension of connectivity service in a location
that is different from the home location where the service was registered.
the ability for acellularcustomer to automatically make and receive voice calls, send
and receive data, or access other services, including home data services, when travelling
outside the geographical coverage area of the homenetwork, by means of using a visited
network

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116

Handoffs

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BS Traffic not balanced: Network monitors traffic and trigger handoffs if load
not balanced among BS
Distance limit exceeded
Pilot signal strength below threshold the MS can initiate a handoff
Power level exceeded When the mobile has exceeded the power threshold
then either side can initiate a handoff
Handoff involves the mobile moving to a new traffic channel of a different BS
Types of handoff
Soft Handoff MS has simultaneous connections with two BS before a
decision is made as to which signal is stronger before breaking the
connection with the BS with the weaker signal strength (not perceived by
the user)
Hard Handoff There is a break before the make. Connection to old
traffic channel is broken before the connection to a new one is made
(user hears a click)

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Authentication

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The AUC does not engage directly in the authentication process, but instead generates
data known astripletsfor theMSCto use during the procedure. The security of the
process depends upon a shared secret between the AUC and the SIM called theKi. The
Ki is securely burned into the SIM during manufacture and is also securely replicated
onto the AUC. This Ki is never transmitted between the AUC and SIM, but is combined
with theIMSIto produce a challenge/response for identification purposes and
anencryption keycalledKcfor use in over the air communications.

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118

Authentication procedure
1. Algorithm id(the standard algorithms are called A3 or A8, but an operator may choose a
proprietary one). When the MSC asks the AUC for a new set of triplets for a particular
IMSI, the AUC first generates a random number known asRAND. This RAND is then
combined with the Ki to produce two numbers as follows:
2. The Ki and RAND are fed into the A3/A8 (or other operator proprietary algorithm) and a
number known as Signed RESponse orSRESis calculated.
3. The Ki and RAND are fed into a standard A5 algorithm and a number called the Kc is
calculated.
4. The numbers (RAND, SRES, KC) form the triplet sent back to the MSC. When a
particularIMSIrequests access to the GSM core network, the MSC sends theRANDpart
of the triplet to the SIM. The SIM then feeds this number and the Ki (which is burned
onto the SIM) into the A3/A8/proprietary algorithm as appropriate and an SRES is
calculated and sent back to the MSC. If this SRES matches with the SRES in the triplet
(which it should if it is a valid SIM), then the mobile is allowed to attach and proceed
withGSM services.
5. After successful authentication, the MSC sends the encryption key Kc to theBase Station
Controller(BSC) so that all communications can be encrypted and decrypted. Of course,
the mobile phone can generate the Kc itself by feeding the same RAND supplied during
authentication and the Ki into the A5 algorithm.

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119

Authentication

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120

Mobility Management

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Location updating- normal, periodic, IMSI attach


Paging
Security Management
Preventing unauthorized users- authentication
Maintaining Privacy of users- ciphering
Providing roaming facility
MM functionality mainly handled by MS, HLR, MSC/VLR.

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121

Traffic Engineering

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122

Traffic Engineering
Trunk
the telephone lines connecting one telephone switch or exchange with
another are called trunks.
Calling rate (C)
The number of calls which arrive over a time interval
Holding time (H)
The average duration of a call. The duartion the telephony circuits are held
during conversation

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123

Traffic Calculations

The erlang describes the total traffic volume of one hour, or 3600 seconds.
The traffic intensity, more often called the traffic, is defined as the average number of
calls in progress.
A = C x H/T

Unit: Erlang (E)


A: traffic intensity
C: number of calls arrivals during time T
H: average holding time
T: 3600 secs /1 hr

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Traffic Problem
On average, during the busy hour, a company makes 120 outgoing calls of average duration
2 minutes. It receives 200 incoming calls of average duration 3 minutes. Find the
outgoing traffic, the incoming traffic and the total traffic.
A = C x H /T
Solution
where T = 1 hour = 60 minutes
Outgoing traffic = 120 calls x 2 minutes/ 60 minutes = 4 E
Incoming traffic = 200 calls x 3 minutes/ 60 minutes =10 E
Total traffic = 4 E + 10 E = 14 E

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Traffic terms
Lost call or blocked calls
In a circuit-switched system, all attempts to make calls over a congested group of trunks are
unsuccessful. The unsuccessful call is called lost call or blocked call.
Grade of service
probability of meeting blockage is called the grade of service (B)
Example: On average, one call in 100 will be blocked
B= 1/100 = 0.01
Grade of service is also the
proportion of the time for which congestion exists
probability of congestion
probability that a call will be lost due to congestion

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Traffic calculations
Example
During the busy hour, 1200 calls were offered to a group of trunks and six calls were lost.
The average call duration was 3 minutes
The traffic offered = A = C1 x H/T = 1200 x 3 /60 = 60 E
The traffic carried = C2 x H/T=(1200-6) x 3 / 60 = 59.7 E
The traffic lost = B = C3 x H/T = 6 x 3 / 60 = 0.3 E
Grade of service = B/A = 0.3 / 60 = 0.005
The total duration of the periods of congestion = B x T = 0.005 x 3600 =18 seconds

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Wireless Network
MS
Um
BTS

HLR

VLR
BSC
Abis

MSC
A

MS

AuC

GMSC

BTS
E
Abis
A

MSC

F
EIR

E
PSTN

BSC
Um
BTS

X.25
VLR
X.25
OMC Server

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Questions ?

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Quiz 2
1.
2.
3.
4.

5.
6.

7.
8.

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Which of the following is not 1G


a. Based on digital technology b. AMPS,TACS
c. IS-95
d. Used FDMA
Which is not 2G
a. GSM
b. IS-95
c. NMT
d. IS-136
GPRS was designed for handling packet data
a. True
b. False
Which of the following is not true about 3G
a. Standardized by IM-2000
b. Speeds up 2Mbps stationary c. Based on Analog
d. Uses WCDMA, CDMA2000
Which is not an access technique
a. TDMA
b. FDMA
c. CDMA
d. PDMA
CDMA uses
a. Used different frequencies to multiples
b. Signal sent on different time slots c.
Uses psuedo-random codes to multiplex d. None of the above
The BSC is responsible for
a. Allocates channel b. Monitors power c. Performs handover d. All of the above
MSC is responsible for
a. Routing and switching b. charging c. Querying the HLR when call comes from PSTN d. all of
the above

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Quiz 2
9.

Registration allows the BTS to page the mobile


a) True
b) False
10. Roaming allows connectivity services at a place different from home network
a) True
b) False
11. Handoff happens when a mobile moves from
a) one cell to another b) from one BSC to another c) from one MSC to another d) all of the
above
12. Authentication does not involve
a. AuC
b. MSC
c. VLR
d. Mobile
13. Erlang describes the traffic volume in one hour
a. True b. False
14. If 5 calls of 500 are blocked the Grade of Service (GOS) is
a. 0.01
b. 0.1
c. 100 d. None of the above
15. GSM uses TDMA with FDD
a. True
b. False

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Good luck & Thank


You !!!

Tinniam V Ganesh
tvganesh.85@gmail.com
Read my blogs: http://gigadom.wordpress.com/
http://savvydom.wordpress.com/

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