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HEADWORKS/ BARRAGE
DESIGN
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Plan of Barrage
COMPONANTS
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Guide Bund
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A. Types of Wear
I.
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lll.
o
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v.
o
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B. Barrage
During the floods, the gates are raised to clear off the high flood
level, enabling the high flood to pass downstream with maximum
afflux.
When the flood recedes, the gates are lowered and the flow is
obstructed, thus raising the water level to the upstream of the
barrage.
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Plan of Barrage
BARRAGES
Weir
High set crest.
14
BARRAGES
Barrage
Weir
causes
silting
15
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Site Selection
The following considerations should be kept in mind when deciding
on the site for a Barrage;
i)
ii) The width of the river at the site should preferably be the
minimum with a well defined and stable river approaches.
iii) A good land approach to the site will reduce the expense of
transportation and, therefore, the ultimate cost of the Barrage.
iv) A good Catchment Area having minimum infiltration and
appropriate gradient to generate sufficient discharge with
minimum rainfall.
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v)
vi)
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20
21
v. Diversion Requirements
o
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ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
vi)
vii) It provides a road way over the river crossing for public
facilitations.
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Main Weir
ii.
iii.
Divide Wall
iv.
Fish Ladder
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.
x.
xi.
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Plan of Barrage
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ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
vi)
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b)
A crest at the required height above the floor on which the gate
rests in its closed position. It also acts as gravity weir during low
supply.
c)
U/S glacis having the necessary slope to join the U/s floor level
to the highest point, the crest.
d)
D/S glacis of suitable shape and slope. This joins the crest to
the D/s floor level (which may be at the river bed level or below).
e)
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f)
g)
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b) Intermediate Sheet Piles
Intermediate sheet piles are situated at the end of u/s and
D/s glacis. These serve as the second line of defence. In
case the U/S or D/S sheet piles collapse due to advancing
scour or undermining. Then these sheet piles give
protection to the main structure of the Barrage.
The intermediate sheet piles also help lengthening the
seepage path and to reduce uplift the pressure.
c) D/S Sheet Piles
D/S sheet piles are placed at the end of the d/s concrete
floor and their main function is to check the exit gradient.
Their depth should be greater than the maximum possible
scour.
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Slits (jhiries) are left between the blocks to allow the water
to escape. The slits are filled with sand.
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Inverted Filter
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v.
Undersluice
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SURFACE FLOW
CONSIDERATION
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Accretion
Accretion is the reverse of retrogression and normally occurs u/s
although may also occur d/s after the retrogression cycle is
completed.
Due to construction of a Barrage the water current is obstructed
resulting into lesser velocity on the U/S of Barrage. Due to this
reduction in velocity, the silt load in the flood water settle down
and ultimately deposited at the River Bed. This phenomena results
into Accretion.
There is no accurate method of calculating the values of
Retrogression and Accretion but the values that have been
recorded at various barrages may serve as guidelines.
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Step-I
Determined of Designed Discharge (Qm)
The first step is to decide on the Maximum Flood Discharge
likely to be anticipated during the design period. This
discharge is calculated on the basis of 50 or 100 years return
period.
Various Hydrological Methods for calculating the Maximum
Flood Discharge are available such as, rating curve, UH and;
Q = CIA
Where A = Area of Catchment (Km2)
I = The Average Rainfall Intensity (Cm/hr)
C = The Catchment constant depending upon the
catchment and rainfall characteristics.
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Step-II
Width of Weir
The width of the Barrage should be adequate enough to pass
the design discharge amicably for the given pond level.
Laceys Formula can serve as a guide line for fixing the length
of the Barrage
Pw = 2.67 Q
when
or P = 4.83 Q
(MKS)
Pw = Wetted Perimeter
Q = Maximum Flood Discharge
This is the clear water way required for passing the Design
Discharge. However, using the Laceys looseness coefficient
which varies 1 1.6.
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Step-III
Profile of Barrage
The profile of the Barrage, i.e. the crest level, the D/S floor
level and the shape of the glacis should be fixed in such a way
that Hydraulic Jump for all conditions of flow and for all
conditions of river bed, i.e. normal bed levels, retrogressed
and accreted bed levels is formed on the D/S glacises.
The Hydraulic Jump is the most economical energy dissipater
and the profile should always be designed to cater for this
requirement.
Friction Blocks are also provided at the toe of the glacis for
efficient energy dissipation and minimizing the water current.
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Step-IV
Fixing of the Crest Level
The crest level is fixed by the requirements of the total head
required to pass the designed flood over the crest.
The pond level is taken as the High Flood Level. Since the width of
the river is known and the maximum depth can be calculated from
Laceys scour formula.
R = 0.9 (q2/f)1/3 or R = 1.35 (q2/f)1/3
The velocity of approach will be (q/R) and therefore the velocity
head (V2/2g) can be calculated. This would fix the U/S energy line.
Thus using the Discharge formula.
Q = C.L.H.3/2
Where Q = flood discharge in cusecs
L = length of the barrage crest
H = total energy V2/2g + H
C = 3.1 in FPS and 1.7 in MKS
Hence H can be determined. Subtract this H from the Total Energy
Line (TEL) which will fix the crest level.
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Example
Calculate the crest level for a gated diversion structure for the
following data;
Maximum discharge = 1000 m3/sec,
Length of the Barrage = 200 m,
Solution
q = 1000/200 = 5 m3/sec/m
R = 1.35 [q2/f]1/3
R = 1.35 [52/0.1]1/3 = 8.4 m
V = 5/8.4 = 0.59 m/s
V2/2g = 0.192 m
Using Discharge Equation over a broad crested weir
Q = CLH3/2
1000 = 2.03 x 200 x H3/2
H = [1000/200x2.03]2/3 = 1.822 m
Crest Level of Barrage = 100 1.82 = 98.18 m
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Step-V
Hydraulic Jump Formation and Fixation of D/S Floor Level
The Hydraulic Jump should form on the D/S glacis. It is more stable
on sloping floors than on horizontal floors. Also the total length of the
D/S works will be less if the jump forms on the D/S glacis.
However, when the jump forms on the D/S glacis, there is the risk of
high submergence resulting in a weak jump and reduced energy
dissipation. Therefore the best position for the jump formation is at
toe of the glacis.
The basic equations for the Hydraulic Jump are used to locate the
position of the jump on the floor and to calculate the floor levels and
the D/S floor length, the D/S energy line must be fixed.
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A suitable value for the loss of head in the jump, HL which is afflux, is
assumed to be as 3 4 feet or 15 percent of known H.
With HL known, D/S Energy Line can be fixed. Using the basic
equation, Ef2, the total D/S energy level can be calculated in order to fix
the D/S floor level.
a) Blench Curves
b) Crumps Curves
c) Conjugate Depth method
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This curve is drown between the head loss (HL) v/s Ef2
(Total energy).
Find out the U/S and D/S Energy Lines and then the head
loss (HL). = U/S TEL D/S TEL
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Blench Curves
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Blench Curves
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Hydraulic Jump
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v)
Also find out the U/S and D/S Energy Lines for one set of
Flow Condition and Calculate (HL)/dc
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Crump's Curve
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Crumps Curves
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Step-VI
Inverted Filter
An inverted filter is provided between the D/S Sheet Piles and the
flexible protection. It would typically consist of 6 fine sand, 9
coarse and 9gravel. The filter material may vary with the size of
the particles forming the river bed.
It is protected by placing over it a concrete block of sufficient
weight and size (say 4 ft x 2.75 ft x 4 ft as used in the Kalabagh
barrage).
Slits (jhiries) are left between the blocks to allow the water to
escape. The slits are filled with sand.
Its primary function is to check the escape of fine soil particles in
the seepage water. In case of scour, it provides adequate cover for
the d/s sheet piles against the steepening of the exit gradient.
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Inverted Filter
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Step-VII
Flexible Apron
The protection provided is such as to cover 1.5 x depth of scour
on the U/s side and 1.5 to 2 x depth of scour (d2 ) on the D/S side at
a slope of 3:1.
The apron in the launched position over the slope of 3:1, the apron
must have a thickness of 90-100 cm. knowing the inclined length
and the thickness, the total volume of the stone can be calculated
and hence the thickness in the horizontal position in a length of 2.5
d2 can be calculated.
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Step-VIII
Divide Wall
A divide wall shown in the enclosed figure is long wall made of stone
masonry or cement concrete placed perpendicular to the weir. It
separates overflow section of weir and under sluices. Divide wall
extends upstream little beyond the canal regulator and D/S upto
launching apron of the weir.
Functions
Divide wall separate the floor level of under sluices or pocket
floor of the weir. Floor level of pocket is normally a bit lower
than main weir floor.
Divide wall helps in forming a pocket of silt to approach the
tunnel of under sluices.
Divide wall serves as a support wall of the fish ladder.
Turbulent action of water and cross currents are prevented by
this long divide wall.
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Divide Wall
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Step-IX
Fish Ladder
Rivers are important source of fishes. Fishes moves upstream to
downstream in winter and downstream to upstream in monsoon.
For easy movement of fishes, fish ladder in irrigation project is
essential.
Enclosed figure is shown the plan and sectional views of fish
ladder. It is made of baffle walls in a zig-zag way so that velocity of
flow within the fish ladder cannot exceed 3 m/sec.
To control the flow, effective gates are fitted at upstream and
downstream ends of fish ladder.
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Fish Ladder
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Step-X
Scouring Sluices or Undersluices, Silt Pocket and Silt
Excluders
The above three components are employed for silt control at the
headworks. Divide wall creates a silt pocket. Silt excluder
consists of a number under tunnels resting of the floor of the
pocket. Top floor of the tunnels is at the level of sill of the Head
Regulator.
Various tunnels of different lengths are made as shown in
enclosed figure. The tunnel near the Head Regulator is of same
length of head regulator and successive tunnels towards the
divide wall are short. Velocity near the silt pocket is reduced, silts
are deposited at bottom, clear water remains above slab of silt
excluder and is allowed to enter the canal.
The deposited silt laden water is disposed downstream through
tunnels and Undersluices. Grade and paned presented a silt
transport concept in tunnel type sediment excluder.
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Step-XI
Guide Bund
Guide bund is shown in the enclosed figure. Guide banks are
constructed on both side of the Headworks to protect the
structures and guide the flow so as the confine it in a reasonable
width of the river. It was first designed by Bell and therefore, it is
also called Bell Bund.
It consists of a heavily built embankment in shape of bell mouth on
both sides. Enclosed figure shows the length proportion upstream
and D/S of the weir. If L is length of weir or waterway, Upstream
length portion is taken 1.25L to 1.5L and length of Downstream of
the weir is equal to 0.25L.
Angles made by bell mouths both at Upstream and Downstream
are also shown in enclosed figure.
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Guide Bund
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Step-XII
Marginal Embankment
These are earthen embankments constructed parallel to river bank.
It starts upstream from the head of the guide bank as shown in the
enclosed figure. It serves the purposes of;
i)
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Step-XIII
Canal Head Regulator
Canal Head Regulator is the Hydraulic Structure constructed at the
head of the canal. It consists of a number of spans separated by piers
and operated by gates similar to Barrage. Plan and Sectional Views
shown in the enclosed figure.
Functions
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Step-XIV
Silt Ejector (or Extractor)
The enclosed figure shows the position of silt ejector. Although silt
excluder at the headworks excludes the silt, yet a portion of silt
enters the canal with water above the sill. The removal of which is
still necessary.
Therefore, the device silt ejector or extractor is provided in the
main canal few metres downstream of head regulator. The device
is a curative measure.
It consists of a horizontal diaphram placed slightly above the canal
bed. Canal bed there is slightly depressed and curved walls as
shown enclosed figure are constructed to have tunnels to dispose
of the extra silt.
Velocity decrease and silt deposited below the diaphram and this
deposited silt is carried to river downstream or to a low
depression.
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SUB SURFACE
FLOW
CONSIDERATION
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Bligh Creep Theory
Considering the enclosed figure-a, the creep length L
according to Bligh is L = l and for the figure-b with two sheet
piles of depth d1 and d2 the creep length is
L = 2d1 + l +2d2
It indicates that vertical cutoff has a weight of two and
horizontal floor has one. If H is total loss of head, loss of head
per unit length of the creep (c) is now;
c=
H
=H
2d1 + l + 2d2
L
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Design Criteria
Bligh gave two design Criteria
(Figure-ii)
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Figure-ii
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Example
The following figure shows the section of a weir on permeable
foundation. Calculate the average Hydraulic gradient. Also calculate
uplift pressures and floor thickness at points A and B. Assume
specific gravity of floor material to be 2.65. Use Bligh Creep Theory.
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Solution:-
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Solution
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L = 3d1 + l +3d2
Although his theory is a modification over Blighs Theory, it is still
empirical. There is no rational basis to be used for design.
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Cj (Lanes
Values)
C (Blighs
Values)
8.5
18
Fine sand
7.0
15
Coarse sand
5.7
12
3.5 to 3
2.5 to 3
4 to 6
Clayey soils
3.0 to 1.6
--
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Khoslas Theory
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Khoslas Theory
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Piping
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Khoslas Theory
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Khoslas Theory
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Figure 6.10
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Khoslas Theory
For finding pressure at key points E, D, and C, i.e. the points of
contact of the pile with floor and bottom of pile in the given figure
(a), (b), (c) and bottom corner points D1 and D of the given figure
(d).
Khosla developed independent curves as shown in the enclosed
figure for calculation of uplift pressures for the following
situations.
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
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Khoslas Theory
(Figure-I)
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Khoslas Theory
(Figure-II)
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Khoslas Curve
(Figure-II)
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Khoslas Theory
(Figure-III)
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= b/d
b = Total Length
d = Depth of D/S Sheet
pile
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Khoslas Theory
Methods of Reading Khoslas Curve
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Khoslas Theory
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Khoslas Theory
Figure 6.10
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Figure 24.22
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Figure-V
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where = 1+ 1+ 2
2
and
= b/d
where b = Total Floor Length (L)
d = Depth of D/S Sheet pile (d)
H = Head across
The limiting value of Exit Gradient will fix the D/S Sheet Pile.
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Example-I
Calculate the safe exist gradient with the following data;
Depth of end sheet pile
=7m
Seepage Head
=4m
Length of the impervious floor = b = 50 m
= b/d = 50/7 = 7.14
For
= 7.14
1/ = 0.165
Hydraulic gradient GE = H/d 1/ = 4/7 x 0.165 = 0.094 = 1/10.6
Since the hydraulic gradient is flatter than the permissible value of 1/7
the section is safe against piping
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Alternative Solution
For
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Example-II
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Example-III
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Example-IV
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Calculation of up left
Pressures at the key
points by analytical
methods
Specific Cases
Fig 12.13
Pile at downstream
Exit gradient
Solution
For Upstream Pile Line No.1
Example :
Determine the uplift pressures at the
key points by Analytical method for
the Fig show below .
b1
b2
From previous
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b)
c)
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b)
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b)
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i)
Uplift Pressure
o
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ii) Undermining
o
Computation of
Seepage
Discharge
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Design of a Barrage
(Example)
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172
Waterway :
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174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
Uplift
Pressures
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186
187
Table 11.9
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189
Protection Works
say 16 m in length.
IMPORTANT
Uplift Pressures
Upstream Pile No. (1)
Table 11.13
Pre-jump Profile
Protection Works
Solution.
Table 11.16
Uplift Pressures
Table 11.17
Floor Thicknesses
Protection works