Fluid Mechanics Instractional

Chapter 6
Hydraulic Fluid
The Energy Transmitting Medium
Objectives
Describe the various functions a hydraulic fluid
performs in a fluid power system.
Identify and explain the general properties of a
liquid that would make it suitable as a hydraulic
fluid.
Name and describe the general categories of
materials that are commonly used as hydraulic
fluids.
Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Objectives
Explain the terms used to describe the basic
characteristics of hydraulic fluids.
Explain procedures to follow for the selection
and performance monitoring of hydraulic
fluids.
Describe appropriate procedures for handling,
storage, and disposal of hydraulic fluid.
Functions of a Hydraulic
Fluid
Transmitting the energy to do the work of the
system is the primary function of liquid in a
hydraulic system
Functions of a Hydraulic
Fluid
The fluid is just as important as any of the
hardware components
Performance Characteristics
of a Hydraulic Fluid
When selecting a fluid, consider its:
Oxidation resistance
Ability to separate
from water and dirt
Resistance to foaming
Fire resistance
Lubricating power
Viscosity
Viscosity stability
Ability to operate in
cold temperatures
Friction is the resistance to movement between
two surfaces in contact
The amount of friction depends on:
Roughness of the surfaces in contact
Force pushing the surfaces together
Lubrication reduces friction between two
surfaces by placing a layer of liquid between
them
A properly selected liquid produces a film that
separates the surfaces and allows them to freely
move past each other
Lubrication reduces friction
10
A film of hydraulic oil fills irregularities in
contact surfaces
11
Viscosity is the internal resistance to flow
of a liquid
A liquid with the proper viscosity provides
a strong film that:
Greatly reduces friction between the bearing
surfaces of component parts
Provides a seal between those parts
12
A liquid with a high viscosity resists flow,
while one with low viscosity flows easily
13
Fluid provides a seal between parts
14
Viscosity changes as temperature and
pressure of a liquid change
Warm fluid flows easier than cold fluid
Viscosity index is the rate of viscosity change
in relation to temperature change
The higher the viscosity index number, the
lower the rate of viscosity change
15
Pour point is the ability of a fluid to flow
when cold
Important to consider if a hydraulic system is
exposed to cold weather
Should be 20 Fahrenheit below the coldestexpected ambient system operating temperature
16
Pour point is important in cold weather
Atlas Copco
17
Oxidation rate of a hydraulic fluid is affected by:
Temperature
Air entrainment in the fluid
Contact with metals used in the construction of a
system
Contaminants, such as dirt and water, that enter a
system
18
Typical operating temperature range for
hydraulic fluid in the reservoir is 110F to
140F
Operating the system in this temperature range
will result in an acceptable fluid service life
19
Maintaining the proper
reservoir fluid temperature
is important
20
Petroleum-based fluids must have the
ability to easily separate from water
Select a fluid that resists emulsification
Drain accumulated water from the bottom of
the reservoir
21
Water that enters a system having a waterbased fluid will modify the oil/additive/water
ratio
The correct ratio is required to maintain proper
fluid viscosity and other critical properties
Re-establishing the ratio requires fluid testing and
adjustment of the elements to their proper
proportions
22
Foaming increases fluid oxidation
Caused by air being drawn into system inlet lines
or churned into reservoir fluid
Increases air/fluid contact because of bubble
surface area
23
The possibility of fire exists to some extent in
many hydraulic applications
Petroleum-based fluids can supply adequate safety
levels in many systems
Fire-resistant fluids using water or synthetic bases
are required when higher fire protection is needed
24
Commonly Used
Hydraulic Fluids
Although water is readily available and
inexpensive, it is not used alone:
Poor lubricant
Promotes rust
Freezes
Rapidly evaporates at temperatures within the
operating range of many typical hydraulic systems
25
Commonly Used
Hydraulic Fluids
Most common hydraulic fluid in use consists
of petroleum base blended with additives to
produce the desired operating properties
26
Commonly Used
Hydraulic Fluids
Biodegradable hydraulic fluids reduce the
harmful effects of fluid spills on soil and
waterways
Biodegradable fluids are:
Primarily vegetable-based oils
Easily broken down by organisms found in nature
27
Commonly Used
Hydraulic Fluids
Biodegradable fluids are important when
reducing environmental impact
Grayling Recreation Authority, Hanson Hills Recreation Area

28
Commonly Used
Hydraulic Fluids
Soluble-oil emulsion hydraulic fluids are
used in metal forging, extrusion equipment,
or other large applications
Fluid designated as an oil-in-water
emulsion contains only 1% to 5% percent
oil
Extremely fire resistant
Requires typical additives
Subject to freezing
29
Commonly Used
Hydraulic Fluids
Water-in-oil hydraulic fluids contain
approximately 60% oil and 40% water
Limited anti-wear characteristics
System operating pressures limited
Has limited use because of instability and
maintenance needs
30
Commonly Used
Hydraulic Fluids
Fire-resistant hydraulic fluids will not burn
without sustained exposure to an ignition
source
Water-oil emulsions
Water-glycol fluids
Synthetic fluids
31
Commonly Used
Hydraulic Fluids
Water-in-oil emulsion fire-resistant fluids
contain approximately 40% water in an oil base
Not to be confused with soluble-oil emulsions and
high-water-content fluids
Called inverted emulsions because water is
suspended in oil, rather than oil in water
32
Commonly Used
Hydraulic Fluids
Water-glycol fire-resistant hydraulic fluids
usually contain 40% to 50% water with the
remainder a polyglycol
Polyglycol is similar to automotive antifreeze
Fluids adversely affect some seal materials and
paint
33
Commonly Used
Hydraulic Fluids
All synthetic fluids provide excellent fire
resistance
Phosphate esters are the most common
synthetic hydraulic fluids
34
Commonly Used
Hydraulic Fluids
All synthetic fluids meet the basic requirements
of a hydraulic fluid:
Appropriate viscosity
Good high-pressure performance
Good lubrication
35
Commonly Used
Hydraulic Fluids
Disadvantages of synthetic fluids include:
Special seal material requirements
Tendency to dissolve paint
Environmental toxicity level must be carefully
considered before using in sensitive areas
36
Hydraulic Fluid Additives

Chemicals are used as additives in
hydraulic fluids to increase the stability
and overall performance of the fluid
37

Extreme-pressure and anti-wear agents help
prevent metal-to-metal contact of bearing
surfaces to reduce friction and wear
Viscosity-index improvers reduce changes in
viscosity as the fluid changes temperatures
38

Pour-point depressant allows the fluid to flow
freely at lower temperatures
Pour point is especially important for fluids
used in systems that are exposed to winter
weather
39

Pour point is the
temperature at
which a fluid no
longer moves
40

Oxidation of hydraulic fluids is caused by:
Heat
Exposure to air
Catalytic effects of metal
Oxidation-inhibitor additives reduce oxidation

of fluids
41

Demulsifier additives increase the fluids
surface tension
Promote separation of water from petroleum-based
fluids
Any water that enters the system separates more
quickly from the oil
42

Antifoaming agents reduce surface tension
Allow air bubbles to break down before a sufficient
quantity of foam is formed
Foam causes operational problems in the system
43

Rust and corrosion inhibitors protect the metal
parts of system components
Rust inhibitors protect ferrous metals
Corrosion inhibitors protect nonferrous metals
Rust and corrosion inhibitors either:

Neutralize acids
Form a film on metal surfaces
44
Hydraulic Fluid
Specifications
Kinematic viscosity is a very precise
measurement for indicating hydraulic fluid
viscosity
Test involves measuring the time required for a
specific volume of fluid at a specified
temperature to flow through a calibrated, glass
capillary viscometer and then multiplying that
value by a constant established for each
instrument
45
Hydraulic Fluid
Specifications
A calibrated, glass
capillary viscometer
is used to determine
kinematic viscosity
46
Hydraulic Fluid
Specifications
ISO outlines 20 viscosity grades
Grades are based on kinematic viscosity tests
Each grade can vary plus or minus 10% of stated
viscosity
47
Hydraulic Fluid
Specifications
SAE outlines several petroleum product
viscosity grades
Based on kinematic viscosity ratings
Extensively used with automotive products
Used with hydraulic fluids in the past, but less
commonly so today
48
Hydraulic Fluid
Specifications
Saybolt Universal Viscosity rating often used
to indicate hydraulic fluid viscosity
Not currently supported by a standardizing
organization
Does not truly relate to the standard definition of
viscosity, but allows comparisons of fluids
Test involves measuring the time required for
60 ml of fluid at a specified temperature to flow
through a calibrated orifice
49
Hydraulic Fluid
Specifications
Conducting a Saybolt Universal Viscosity test
50
Hydraulic Fluid
Specifications
Specific gravity and API gravity provide
comparisons between the weights of a volume
of a substance and an equal volume of distilled
water
Specific gravity can be used with any material
API system was developed primarily for petroleum
oils
51
Hydraulic Fluid
Specifications
Distilled water has a
specific gravity of 1.0
Distilled water has an
API gravity of 10.0
52
Hydraulic Fluid
Specifications
Pour point is 3C above the temperature at
which movement can no longer be detected in
a fluid that has been cooled following an
established test procedure
53
Hydraulic Fluid
Specifications
Flash point is the temperature at which the fluid
vapors form a flammable mixture with air
Fire point is the temperature at which the fluid
is vaporizing rapidly enough to support
combustion
54
Hydraulic Fluid
Specifications
Flash and fire points
are important factors
for many applications
55
Hydraulic Fluid
Specifications
A variety of ASTM standards provide test
specifications to establish rust-, corrosion-, and
oxidation-prevention capabilities of hydraulic
fluids
These factors are critical to the service life of
system component parts and the fluid itself
56
Hydraulic Fluid
Specifications
Demulsibility and foaming characteristics of
hydraulic fluids may be determined by test
procedures detailed in ASTM specifications
Results of these tests indicate the ability of a
hydraulic fluid to separate from water that
has entered the system and resist foam
formation when air is introduced through
components
57
Hydraulic Fluid
Specifications
Lubricating and wear resistance characteristic
of hydraulic fluid can be evaluated by
various ASTM standards
Some of these procedures use laboratory test
equipment to measure the protection provided to
metal parts by the liquid film formed by the fluid
Other procedures measure the actual wear of
standard pump parts produced by controlled load
conditions
58
Handling and Maintaining

Hydraulic Fluids
Proper handling and maintenance of
hydraulic fluids reduces system operating
cost
Extends the service life of fluids
Reduces the amount of maintenance time spent
in cleaning and flushing systems and replacing
system fluid
59

Hydraulic Fluids
Storing new, unused hydraulic fluids is an
important consideration
Store drums in a cool, clean, dry place
Place drums on their sides to reduce chances of
contamination
Carefully clean drum tops before removing
bungs
Use clean fluid-transfer equipment
60

Hydraulic Fluids
Store drums on their
sides and clean the
tops before opening
the bungs
61

Hydraulic Fluids
Reservoir and cylinder rod areas are especially
susceptible to foreign materials entering the
system
Seal around pipes entering the reservoir
Filter air that enters the reservoir
Use piston rod wiper rings or boots to prevent dirt
from entering through the cylinder rod seal
62

Hydraulic Fluids
Cylinder rod boots help keep dirt out of the
system on rod retraction
A & A Manufacturing Co., Inc., Grotite
63

Hydraulic Fluids
System operating temperature is a major factor
in the service life of hydraulic fluids
Normal operating temperature of reservoir fluid
is typically between 110F and 140F
64

Hydraulic Fluids
Factors causing system fluid to operate above
the recommended temperature are:
High ambient temperatures

Reservoir is too small
Reservoir inlets and outlets too close
System pump has excessive flow capacity
Higher-than-required relief valve setting
Slower-than-necessary circuit sequencing
65

Hydraulic Fluids
A well-designed reservoir helps maintain
proper fluid temperature
Continental Hydraulics
66
Review Question
The primary function of the liquid in a hydraulic
system is to:
A. Clean system parts.
B. Remove heat from the system.
C. Transmit energy to do the work the system is
designed to complete.
D. Prevent rust and corrosion of system components.
C. Transmit energy to do the work the system
is designed to complete.
67
Review Question
Name three major problems that may appear if
a fluid with too low of a viscosity is used in a
hydraulic system.
(any three) A. Increased system wear, B. increased
internal leakage, C. decreased pump efficiency and
control accuracy, and D. increased system operating
temperature.
68
Review Question
List the characteristics of water that make it a
poor hydraulic fluid should it be used alone in
a fluid power system.
A. Poor lubricating qualities, B. promotes
rust and corrosion, C. freezes within the
ambient temperature range of many systems,
and D. rapidly evaporates at higher system
operating temperatures.
69
Review Question
The lowest temperature at which a liquid gives
off sufficient vapors to ignite when a flame is
applied is called the _____.
flash point
70
Review Question
Name three conditions in a fluid power system
that promote oxidation and general
deterioration of a hydraulic fluid.
(any three) A. High system operating
temperatures, B. entrainment of air in the fluid,
C. reactions caused by contact with different
metals used in the system, and D. contaminants
in the system, such as dirt and water.
71
Review Question
Name three common ways that water can enter
a fluid power system and contaminate the
system fluid.
A. Condensation in the reservoir, B. water
sprayed on the equipment for cleaning
purposes, and C. exposure to weather in
exterior installations.
72

Fluid Mechanics Instractional

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Chapter 6

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Grayling Recreation Authority, Hanson Hills Recreation Area

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.

Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.