Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
The Importance of
Kinetic Theory of Matter
It explains the movements of particles in the
3 states which are :
Solids States
Liquids States
Gaseous States
Pepejal
Cecair
Gas
Bentuk
Tetap
Ikut bekas
Ikut bekas
Isipadu
Tetap
Tetap
Susunan zarah
Kurang padat
Berjauhan
Pergerakan zarah
Bergetar
Bergerak bebas
Bergerak secara
rawak
Sangat kuat
Sederhana
Lemah
Kandungan tenaga
kinetik
Rendah
Sederhana
Tinggi
Ketumpatan
Tinggi
Sederhana
Rendah
Kebolehmampatan
Sukar dimampatkan
Sukar dimampatkan
Mudah dimampatkan
HEAT
TUGASAN 1
LUKIS GAMBARAJAH
PERUBAHAN KEADAAN JIRIM
YANG TELAH DITUNJUKKAN
SEBENTAR TADI
EA
T
T
EA
+H
g
n
ili n
tio
Bo
sa
en
nd
AT
Co - HE
EA
M
T
el
tin
g
Fr
ee
zin
-H
g
- HEAT
Solidification
Sublimation
+ HEAT
STRUCTURES OF AN ATOM
ATOMIC MODELS
SUBATOMIC PARTICLES
Electron
Nuetron
Nucleon Number
Proton Number
Isotope
Proton
Proton Number
Isotope
nucleus
orbit
KEY
proton
nucleus
electron
SUBATOMIC
PARTICLES
PROTONS
NEUTRONS
ELECTRONS
SYMBOL
POSITION
nucleus
nucleus
Shell
CHARGE
+ve
neutral
-ve
RELATIVE MASS
1/1836
PROPERTIES
Nucleon Number
Always the bigger number
The total number of
protons and neutron
Li
3
Proton Number
Always the smaller number
Equal to the number of electrons
Model Atom
ELEMENTS
PROTON
NUMBER
NUCLEON
NUMBER
NUMBER OF
PROTONS
NUMBER OF
ELECTRONS
NUMBER OF
NEUTRONS
Hydrogen H
Helium
He
Lithium
Li
Beryllium Be
Boron
11
Carbon
12
Nitrogen
14
Oxygen
16
Fluorine
19
10
Neon
Ne
10
20
10
10
10
Isotop
Atom-atom unsur yang mempunyai
bilangan proton yang sama tetapi
bilangan neutron yang berbeza
Sifat kimia sama
Sifat fizik berbeza
Contoh C-12,C-13,C-14
O-16,0-17,0-18
Isotopes
Isotopes are atoms of the
same element which
contain the same number
of protons but different
number of neutrons
Each isotopes is named by
inserting the nucleon
number after the name of
element
Example: carbon-12
and carbon-13 burn in
oxygen to form carbon
dioxide
Example: hydrogen-2
and hydrogen-1 have
different boiling points
1
HYDROGEN -1
A hydrogen atom with
1 proton and 0 neutron
+
HYDROGEN -3
A hydrogen atom with
1 proton and 2 neutron
1
HYDROGEN -2
A hydrogen atom with
1 proton and 1 neutron
-
electron
proton
neutron
ELEMENTS
CARBON
BROMINE
OXYGEN
URANIUM
ISOTOPES
NUMBER OF
PROTONS
NUMBER OF
NUETRONS
PROTON
NUMBER
NUCLEON
NUMBER
carbon-12
12
carbon-13
13
carbon-14
14
bromine-79
35
44
35
79
bromine-81
35
46
35
81
oxygen-16
16
oxygen-17
17
oxygen-18
10
18
uranium-235
92
143
92
235
uranium-238
92
146
92
238
mengikut no.
proton.
b. Kumpulan ialah turus menegak
c. Kala ialah baris melintang
Logam alkali
Logam alkali bumi
Halogen
Gas adi
separuh logam
bukan logam
4. BAHAN Atom,Molekul,Ion
Unsur-unsur didunia pula tidak
semestinya wujud secara tulen.
Unsur-unsur ini mungkin bergabung
antara satu sama lain membentuk
"bahan".
PROPERTIES OF
SUBSTANCES
ATOM
MOLECULE
ION
KANDUNGAN
Terdiri dari satu
sejenis unsur sahaja.
CONTOH BAHAN
logam besi, logam
kuprum
MOLEKUL
air, sulfur
ION
garam-garam
ATOM
ATOM
MOLEKUL
ION
Selalunya dalam
keadaan pepejal
pada suhu bilik
Boleh mengalirkan
arus elektrik
Hanya mengalirkan
arus dalam keadaan
leburan sahaja
PROPERTIES
SUBSTANCES
MADE OF
ATOMS
SUBSTANCES MADE OF
MOLECULES
SUBSTANCES
MADE OF
IONS
FORM
Solid
Solid (crystalline)
EXAMPLES
Aluminium, zinc,
copper, iron (all
metals)
Chlorine, water,
naphthalene
Sodium chloride,
copper sulphate
hydrogen atoms
zinc atoms
chlorine atoms
oxygen atoms
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
sodium ion
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
chloride ion
PROPERTIES
SUBSTANCES
MADE OF
ATOMS
SUBSTANCES
MADE OF
MOLECULES
SUBSTANCES MADE
OF
IONS
TYPE OF PARTICLES
Consist of atom
Consist of
molecules
ARRANGEMENT OF
PARTICLES
Very close
Very close
CONDITION AT ROOM
TEMPERATURE
Solid except
mercury (liquid)
Solid
FORCE OF
ATTRACTION
BETWEEN PARTICLES
Very strong,
through metallic
bonding
High
Low
High
ELECTRICAL
CONDUCTIVITY
Cannot conduct
electricity under solid
condition except under
aqueous molten
condition
Most metals are substances made of atoms. The atoms are held in
place by strong forces of attraction called metallic bonds
The atoms are closely packed and arranged in an order way. The
atoms are unable to move and can only vibrate at their fixed
positions
PHYSICAL
CONDITION AT
ROOM
TEMPERATURE
BOILING
POINT /
MELTING
POINT
ELECTRICAL
CONDUCTIVIT
Y
Iron (Fe)
Solid
2800C /
1530C
Good
Zinc (Zn)
Solid
1000C /
419C
Good
Copper (Cu)
Solid
2350C /
1083C
Good
PROPERTIES
SUBSTANCES
PHYSICAL
STATE AT
ROOM
TEMPERATUR
E
BOILINT
POINT
(C)
MELTING
POINT
(C)
ELECTRICAL
CONDUCTIVITY
Carbon dioxide
Gas
-78
-78
Poor
Methane
Gas
-161
-183
Poor
Water
Liquid
100
Poor
Sulphur
Gas
444
114
Poor
PROPERTIES
SUBSTANCES
PHYSICAL
STATE AT
ROOM
TEMPERATUR
E
BOILINT
POINT
(C)
MELTING
POINT
(C)
ELECTRICAL
CONDUCTIVITY
(WHEN MOLTEN)
Calcium
chloride
Solid
1600
778
Good
Sodium chloride
Solid
1413
801
Good
Copper (II)
Chloride
Solid
990
620
Good
Potassium
bromide
Solid
1376
728
Good
PROPERTIES
SUBSTANCES
Atom
Ion
:
Molekul :
zarah tidak
bercas
Atom bercas
terdiri lebih
daripada satu
atom
Sifat
BAHAN
Atom
1. Jenis zarah
Ion
Molekul
atom
ion
Molekul
pepejal
pepejal
Pepejal,cecair dan
gas
3. Pergerakan zarah
bergetar
bergetar
Pepejal-bergetar
Cecair- bergerak
bebas
Gas - bergerak
rawak
Daya tarikan
Daya
logam sangat kuat elektrostatik
Sangat kuat
Tinggi
Rendah
6. Kekonduksian elektrik
Pepejal
Leburan
Akues/larutan berair
Boleh
Boleh
--------
Natrium klorida
Contoh
Semua jenis
logam
Tinggi
Tidak boleh
Tidak boleh
Satu perkataan
Boleh
Tidak boleh
Boleh
Tidak boleh
Plumbum
bromida
Naftalena, glukosa,
alkohol
LOGAM
BUKAN LOGAM
1. Permukaan
Berkilau
Pudar
Boleh
Tidak boleh
3. Kebolehtempaan( boleh
bentuk)
Boleh
Tidak boleh
4. Kekuatan regangan
Tinggi
Rendah
5. Kekonduksian haba
Baik
Lemah
6. Kekonduksian elektrik
Baik
Lemah
7. Ketumpatan
Tinggi
Rendah
Tinggi
Rendah
Pepejal kecuali
merkuri