Slide 1

Structure
of
Plants

Slide 2

1.
2.
3.

A. Functions of Roots
Anchor & support
plant in the ground
Absorb water &
minerals
Hold soil in place

Root Hairs

Fibrous Roots

Slide 3

B. Root Types
Tap Root

1. Fibrous Roots:

2. Tap Roots larger central

branching roots hold soil in

place to prevent soil erosion

root reaches deep water sources

underground

Ex. Grasses

Ex. Trees, Carrots, & Dandelions

Slide 4

C. The Structure of a Root

Root
Hairs
Phloem
Xylem

Meristem
Root
Cap

1. Root Hairs:
increase surface
area for water &
mineral
absorption
2. Meristem:
region where
new cells are
produced
3. Root Cap:
protects tip of
growing root

Slide 5

A. Functions of Stems

1.Support system for plant body

2.Transport system carries
water & nutrients
3.Holds leaves & branches
upright
Looking at the
Each light and dark
picture
the left:
tree ringtoequals
one
year of annual growth.
What
years had
Light rings for fast
the
most
rain?
spring
growth,
dark for
slow summer growth.
What
Smalleryears
rings tell of
past droughts that
experienced
the
have occurred.
worst
drought?

Slide # 6

A. Functions of Leaves

1. Main photosynthetic organ

2. Broad, flat surface increases
surface area for light
absorption
3. Have systems to prevent
water loss
Stomata open in day but
close at night or when hot
to conserve water
waxy cuticle on surface
4. System of gas exchange
Allow CO2 in and O2 out of
leaf

Elephant Ear Plant

Slide # 7

B. Leaf Structures
Leaf Cross-Section

1.Cuticle: waxy layer;

covers upper surface

Cuticle

Mesophyll

Protects leaf against

water loss

2.Veins: transports water,

nutrients and food
Made of xylem and
phloem

3.Mesophyll: contains
cells that perform
photosynthesis
b/c they contain
Chloroplasts.

Veins

Stoma

(Opening)

2 Guard
Cells
Surround
each
Stoma

Stoma- singular
Stomata-plural

Slide # 8

More Plant Parts

4. Guard cells:
cells that open
and close the
stoma
5. Stomata: openings
in leafs surface;
when open:

GAS EXCHANGE:
Allows CO2 in & O2
out of leaf
TRANSPIRATION:
Allows excess H2O
out of leaf

Guard Cells

Stoma

Slide # 9

Function of Stomata

What process involves

Guard Cells
using CO2 and H2O releasing

Guard Cells
What
goes O2
out?
What
goes
in?

Stoma

H2O O2 as a waste product?

Photosynthesis
CO2 What is the plant using this

process to make?

Stoma Open

Stoma Closed

Carbohydrates-glucose
If the plant needs water for
photosynthesis, why is water
coming out of the stoma?

Slide # 10

Function of Guard Cells

These stomata
(leaf
Guard Cells
openings) naturally allow
water to evaporate out.

Guard Cells

Why would the plant close

stomata with guard cells?
Prevent excess water loss
through transpiration.
(conserveStoma
water)Open
So what is the point of
having stomata?
Allow gas exchange for
photosynthesis

Stoma Closed

Slide # 11

C. Plants find a use for Transpiration

1. Transpiration: loss
of excess water from
plant leaves
2. Significance:
a. Transpiration causes enough
pressure to help pull water
(& required nutrients) up
stem from roots.
b. As part of the water cycle,
trees transpire water back into
the atmosphere.
c. Transpiration provides much
of the daily rain in rainforest.

A average size maple tree can

transpire 200 liters of water
per hour during the summer.
Transpiration is the #1 driving
force for pulling water up
stems from roots.

Slide # 12

Structure of a Flower

1.Pistil:female reproductive
structure
a.Stigma: sticky tip; traps
pollen
b.Style: slender tube;
transports pollen from stigma
to ovary
c.Ovary: contains ovules;
ovary develops into fruit
d.Ovule: contains egg cell
which develops into a seed
when fertilized

Stamen
Anther
Filament

Ovule

Stigma

Pistil

Style
Ovary

Petal
Sepal

Slide # 13

Structure of a Flower

2.Stamen: male
reproductive structure
a.Filament: thin stalk;
supports anther
b.Anther: knob-like
structure; produces
pollen
c.Pollen: contains
microscopic cells that
become sperm cells

Stamen
Anther
Filament

Ovule

Stigma

Pistil

Style
Ovary

Petal
Sepal

Slide # 14

Structure of a Flower

3.Sepals: encloses &

protects flower before it
blooms

Stamen
Anther
Filament

Stigma

Pistil

Style
Ovary

4.Petals: usually colorful

& scented; attracts
pollinators

Ovule

Petal
Sepal

Slide # 15

Cross Pollination

How does pollination

happen?
Pollen from an anther
is caught by the
stigma, travels
through style to the
ovules in the ovary.
What is the result of
pollination?
A Fruit: An ovary
containing seeds.

Slide # 16

Chapter 25

Plant
Responses
and
Adaptations

Slide #17

Hormone Action on Plants

A. Plant cells can produce

hormones: which are
chemical messengers that
travel throughout the plant
causing other cells called
target cells to respond.
B. In plants, hormones
control:

Movement
of hormone

Hormoneproducing
cells

Target
cells

1. Plant growth &

development
2. Plant responses to
environment

Cells in one blooming

flower signals other
blooms using hormones to

Slide # 18

C. Plant cells will send signals

to one another to tell them:
1. When trees to drop their leaves.
2. When to start new growth.
3. When to cause fruit to ripen.
4. When to cause flowers to bloom.
5. When to cause seeds to sprout.

Tree
Budding

Fruit
Ripening

Cactus
Blooming

Leaf Drop

Sprouting
Corn Seeds

Slide # 19

D. Ethylene causes
Fruit to Ripen

1.Fruit tissues release a small amount of

ethlyene
2.Causes fruits to ripen.
3.As fruit become ripe, they produce
more and more ethlyene, accelerating
the ripening process.

Ethylene released
by apples and
tomatoes causes
fruit to age quickly.

Slide # 20

Plant Tropisms

1. Tropism: the way a plant grows in response to

stimuli in the environment.
a.Phototropism: growth response to light
-Plants bend towards light
a.Geotrophism: growth response to gravity
-plant roots grow down with gravity, shoots (stems) grow
up against gravity and out of the soil.

a.Thigmotropism: growth response to touch

-vines grow up around trees, venus flytrap closes when
leaves are touched

Slide # 21

What type of tropism is shown in these pictures?

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