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BY: NANDAN HEGDE

INTRODUCING SMART SAFETY


DEVICES

Well, as we all know .


1. A seat belt, sometimes called a safety belt, is a safety harness
designed to secure the occupant of a vehicle against harmful
movement that may result from a collision or a sudden stop
2. Seat belts are intended to reduce injuries by stopping the wearer
from hitting hard interior elements of the vehicle, or other
passengers (the so-called second impact), are in the correct
position for the airbag to deploy and prevent the passenger from
being thrown from the vehicle. Seat belts also absorb energy by
being designed to stretch during an impact, so that there is less
speed differential between the passenger's body and their vehicle
interior, and also to spread the loading of impact on the
passengers body.

Types Of Seat Belts

Lap seat belt (or "two points") in an aircraft

Three points seatbelt in a car. The three


points belt is the standard seat belt for
road cars.

Five points harness in a racing car.

Technology

Seat Belt
uncovered
Inertial Reel

Most seat belts are equipped with


locking mechanisms (or inertia reels)
that tighten the belt when pulled fast
but do not tighten when pulled slowly.
This is implemented with a centrifugal
clutch, which engages as the reel spins
quickly. Alternatively, this function may
be secured by a weighted pendulum or
ball bearing: when these are deflected
by deceleration or roll-over they lock
into pawls on the reel.

Pretensioners and webclamps

Seatbelts in many newer vehicles are also equipped with "pretensioners"


and/or "Webclamps".
Pretensioners preemptively tighten the belt to prevent the occupant from
jerking forward in a crash. Mercedes-Benz first introduced pretensioners on the
1981 S-Class. In the event of a crash, a pretensioner will tighten the belt almost
instantaneously. This reduces the motion of the occupant in a violent crash. Like
airbags, pretensioners are triggered by sensors in the car's body, and most
pretensioners use explosively expanding gas to drive a piston that retracts the belt.
Pretensioners also lower the risk of "submarining", which is when a passenger
slides forward under a loosely worn seat belt. An alternative approach being
looked at by major car companies is the CG-Lock technology whereby the
occupant is held in position via the lap belt in order to prevent the passenger from
coming out of position in the event of a crash.

Ford's inflatable seat belts headed to Explorer in 2010

Inflatable seat belts. At a glance, that doesn't seem like such a bad idea after all,
particularly for those rear seat passengers who aren't blessed with two huge bags or air
right in front of their chest. The top brass at Ford feel pretty much the same way, as the
outfit has just announced that these very devices will be making their debut in the nextgeneration Ford Explorer before rolling out across the fleet. Of course, Lexus is also
planning to shove these into its ultra-luxurious LFA (which will probably make a grand
total of 14 wealthy owners feel really, really safe), but it's tough to tell which vehicle will
hit the showroom first.

AIRBAGS

Airbags are inflating elements used to safeguard a


person from accidental impact collisions.

The goal of an airbag is to slow the passenger's


forward motion as evenly as possible in a fraction of a
second.

It is one of the best passive safety devices which are


used in contrast to the seat belts.

Immediately after full inflation, the airbag deflates.


Hence Airbag is considered as the best restraint safety
device.

AIRBAGS

HISTORY OF

An American inventor, John W. Hetrick, a retired


industrial engineer, designed the original safety
cushion for automotive use in 1952 at his kitchen
table.
Airbags for passenger cars were introduced in the
United States in the mid-1970s, when Seat Belts
usage rates in the country were quite low.
Ford built an experimental fleet of cars with
airbags in 1971, followed by General Motors in
1973 on Chevrolet vehicles.

Technology
Behind AirBags

According to Law of Inertia A body persists in a state of


rest or of uniform motion unless acted upon by an
external force". Here we consider Impact force as an
external agent which causes sudden deceleration of the
vehicle.

We know that moving objects have momentum (the


product of the mass and the velocity of an object). Cars
consist of several loose objects in the car and, of course,
passengers. If these objects are not restrained, they will
continue moving at whatever speed the car is traveling at,
even if the car is stopped by a collision.

Stopping an object's momentum requires force acting


over a period of time. When a car crashes, the force
required to stop an object is very great because the car's
momentum has changed instantly while the passengers'

Air bags do not just cushion your body in the


event of an impact, but they also spread the
impact over a larger area. By doing this, the force
is not all concentrated in one small area of your
body. This in turn will cause the seriousness your
injuries to be reduced because the force you feel
is spread out.

AIRBAGS FAMILY

3 Main
Components:
1) Airbag module
2) Diagnostic
Unit
3) Crash
sensors

Airbag Module:
Contains both inflator unit and light-weight fabric
airbag and is located either inside: 1) Steering
wheel hub 2) Above glove Compartment 3) Near side
compartment (as separate/combined
head/side/window-curtain airbag).
Diagnostic Unit:
1)Enables inflator unit and sensors when vehicle is
turned on, performs self check.
2)Constantly monitors airbag readiness and indicates
malfunctioning through an indicator on dashboard.
Crash Sensors:
1)Several crash sensors located in the front of
vehicle and in the passenger compartment
2)Each senses the sudden deceleration or impact in
the event of a crash and flips a mechanical switch to
indicate a crash.

WORKING OF AIRBAG

ACU consists of crash sensors which receives threshold


values. The signals from the various sensors are fed into
the Airbag control unit, which determines from them the
angle of impact, the severity, or force of the crash, along
with other variables.

When the requisite 'threshold' has been reached or


exceeded, the airbag control unit will activate one or
more Pyrotechnic devices.

Pyrotechnics is the science of materials capable of


undergoing self-contained and self-sustained exothermic
chemical reactions for the production of heat, light, gas,
smoke and/or sound.

Crash Sensor

Who inflates Airbag ?

IT IS SODIUM AZIDE

Sodium azide is the inorganic salt with


the formula NaN3. This colorless azide
salt is the gas-forming component in many
car airbag systems.

The following reactions take place to liberate nitrogen


gas which in turn inflates Airbag:
2NaN3 2Na + 3N2
10Na + 2KNO3 K2O + 5Na2O+ N2
This nitrogen produced inflates the Airbag.

After Inflation Nylon fabric Bag contains small


pores through which the nitrogen gas escapes out
to the atmosphere.

Conclusion
Failure to wear a seat belt contributes to more fatalities than any other single traffic safetyrelated behavior. 63% of people killed in accidents are not wearing seat belts. Wearing a seat
belt use is still the single most effective thing we can do to save lives and reduce injuries.
Data suggests that education alone is not doing the job with young people, especially males
ages 16 to 25 the age group least likely to buckle up. They simply do not believe they will be
injured or killed. Yet they are the nation's highest-risk drivers, with more drunk driving, more
speeding, and more crashes. Neither education nor fear of injury or death is strong enough to
motivate this tough-to-reach group.
The Seat belts are the most effective safety devices in vehicles today, estimated to save 9,500
lives each year. And also the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has
estimated that air bags have saved almost 1,500 lives, with an estimated 569 lives saved in
1995 alone.
Nowadays a fantastic concept has been introduced in Airbags that is in addition to the crash
sensors one more sensor is used which determines whether the person is out of position(OOP)
or not and other variables.
The auto racing which is considered as a most dangerous sport is now safe by the use of
advanced smart safety devices like Crumple zones and Airbags and have greatly reduced crash
impact forces on drivers and has saved the life of numerous people. Fatality rates have been
drastically reduced. Air bags have been and continue to be an effective, life-saving technology.
Nowadays because of increased traffic, the auto safety has become major problem. Of course
keeping people safe in auto accidents is not a simple job. But by the implementation of Smart
Safety Devices the damage that is caused to a person inside the car or vehicle has been
reduced drastically.

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