Gas Compression 101

What our customers do with Gas Compressors

1. Revenue usually comes in the form of $ per month from natural gas producers, processors and pipeline companies.

2. Rental fleet operators furnish all hardware and O & M. Most units operate >8000 hr./year.

3. When unit demand is low, furnish reconfiguration needs.

4. Furnish all operating spare parts and maintenance costs.

5. Provide operators and mechanics to insure >95-98% availability.

6. Assumes most of the responsibility for safety and environmental damage at the location.

7. Is obligated to keep up with current compression technology..for us this often means state of the art engines be made available to their fleet of compressors.

What we do for our Customers

1. Provide the most efficient/durable engine between 95-8000 BHP that suits various gas
compression applications
2. A very well documented global product assurance safety net for product support that is
second to none
3. Continued product introductions to comply with global emissions requirements and
ever increasing power densities, i.e. NSPS and GCM Series
4. In recent years we now provide more accessibility for our customers with product
support issues, and new product availability to suit their future needs

Gas Compression Applications Where is the Gas?

Gas Compression Applications Where is the Gas?

Gas Compression Applications

Descriptions of applications for gas
compression, from the wellhead to
the final market:

Gas Lift
Wellhead Compression
Gas Gathering
Gas Processing
Transmission
Storage

Wellhead

Primary
Gathering

Gas Compression Applications

Gas Lift
A technique used to improve
the productivity of liquid
petroleum wells
Equipment is used at the
wellhead, either onshore or
offshore

Wellhead

CG137

Primary
Gathering

Gas Compression Applications

Gas Lift
Natural gas is injected into
active wells at high pressure to
lift liquids
Compressors provide the
pressure boost needed to
make this process possible

Wellhead

CG137

Primary
Gathering

Gas Compression Applications

Gas Lift
Valved mandrels inject gas at
high pressure into the
production string, mixing gas
with liquids
Injected gas decreases weight
of the liquid column, making it
easier to lift both liquid and gas
up to the production platform

Wellhead

CG137

Primary
Gathering

Gas Compression Applications

Gas Lift
Reciprocating compressors are
required due to the high
compressor discharge
pressure requirement
(typically 800-1200 psi)

Wellhead

CG137

Primary
Gathering

Gas Compression Applications

Wellhead
Compressors are used to draw
on gas wells individually to
boost their productivity
Single well operations are most
commonly found in onshore
applications

Wellhead

CG137

Primary
Gathering

Gas Compression Applications

Wellhead
Compressors are placed at the
well to lower the pressure on
the well production string
Often found on marginal wells
or mature wells with declining
wellhead pressure

Wellhead

CG137

Primary
Gathering

Gas Compression Applications

Wellhead
Reciprocating and rotary screw
compressors are common
Equipment type depends upon
well requirements, such as gas
production rate or the ratio of
wellhead pressure to transfer
pipeline pressure

Wellhead

CG137

Primary
Gathering

Gas Compression Applications

Gathering
Tend to be made up of smaller pipelines- 2-10
Usually transport unprocessed or untreated gas
and extend for short distances (0 - 50 miles)
Can be high or low pressure
(0 - 1000 psig)
Compressors are used to draw on multiple gas
wells collectively to boost their productivity
Multiple well gas gathering operations are
common in both onshore and offshore
applications

Wellhead

Primary
Gathering

CG137

Gas Compression Applications

Gathering
Compressors are placed at
collection points to draw across
several individual wells, or
multiple sets of wells
Gas gathering operations also
serve to boost gas pressure to
meet the requirements of the
next stage transmission
pipeline

Wellhead

Primary
Gathering

CG137

Gas Compression Applications

Gathering
Rotary screw compressors are
used for discharge pressures
less than 350 psi

Wellhead

Primary
Gathering

CG137

Gas Compression Applications

Gathering
Reciprocating compressors are
necessary for higher discharge
pressures

Wellhead

Primary
Gathering

Gas Compression Applications

Gathering System
A typical gathering
network pipeline map

Gas Compression
Preparation and Transportation
After being brought up from its subterranean deposit,
1. The raw natural gas is first transported to a collecting point. Here,
pipelines from all adjacent wells bring the raw gas together for preprocessing, which removes water and condensates.
2. Then it is almost always pipelined to a processing plant.
3. If this is not feasible, the gas is pumped into an underground
storage facility for future pipelining and use.
It is too expensive to liquefy raw natural gas for shipment to a refinery,
and this is rarely, if ever done.

Gas Compression Applications

Processing
Compressors are used to boost
gas pressure for processing to
remove natural gas liquids
Gas processing facilities are
typically onshore

Storage
G16CM34 Recip
G3600 - Recip

Transmission
G3600 - Recip
G16CM34 - Recip
Turbine - Centrifugal

G3600 - Recip

Gas Compression Applications

Processing
Three roles of compression in a gas
processing plant:
Inlet Service: boosts pressure
entering the plant
Residue Service: boosts pressure
leaving the plant. Residue gas is a
lower btu: heavy hydrocarbons
removed
Refrigeration: propane is chilled and
circulated to cool plant processes

Storage
G16CM34 Recip
G3600 - Recip

Transmission
G3600 - Recip
G16CM34 - Recip
Turbine - Centrifugal

G3600 - Recip

Gas Compression
Processing at the Refinery
Raw natural gas is mostly made of methane, but also contains a
large number of other hydrocarbon gases.
1.The first stage is to remove acid gases by amine or membrane
treatment. This acid is usually processed into sulfur products.
2.Then any remaining water is removed, which is followed by the
removal of mercury by filtering the gas through activated carbon.
3.Finally, nitrogen and natural gas liquids are taken out by low
temperature, cryogenic distillation.
4.This results in the "natural" gas that is used for cooking and
heating in homes. (E-how)

Gas Compression Applications

Processing
Reciprocating compressors are
required for most full-scale gas
processing operations

Storage
G16CM34 Recip
G3600 - Recip

Transmission
G3600 - Recip
G16CM34 - Recip
Turbine - Centrifugal

G3600 - Recip

Where are the Gas Processing Plants?

Gas Compression Applications

Transmission
Compressors are used to boost pressure in
pipelines to transport processed gas to
market
Transmission pipelines are located onshore
Tend to be made up of larger pipelines
(12 - 48)
Usually transport processed or treated gas
and extend for long distances (50 - 5000
miles)
Operates at elevated pressures (600
1200 psi) psig)

Storage
G16CM34 Recip
G3600 - Recip

Transmission
G3600 - Recip
G16CM34 - Recip
Turbine - Centrifugal

G3600 - Recip

Gas Compression Applications

Transmission
Compressors provide the stepup in pressure required to
introduce gas into main
transmission pipelines
Compressors also serve in
booster stations that offset
frictional losses along the way

Storage
G16CM34 Recip
G3600 - Recip

Transmission
G3600 - Recip
G16CM34 - Recip
Turbine - Centrifugal

G3600 - Recip

Gas Compression Applications

Transmission
Reciprocating and turbine
compressors are used for
transmission pipeline
compressor stations

Storage
G16CM34 Recip
G3600 - Recip

Transmission
G3600 - Recip
G16CM34 - Recip
Turbine - Centrifugal

G3600 - Recip

Gas Compression Applications

Transmission
Pipelines

Gas Compression Applications

Transmission
Pipelines

Gas Compression Applications

Storage
Compressors are used to boost
pressure to place gas into
storage
Most gas storage formations
are managed from facilities
located onshore

Storage
G16CM34 Recip
G3600 - Recip

Transmission
G3600 - Recip
G16CM34 - Recip
Turbine - Centrifugal

G3600 - Recip

Gas Compression Applications

Storage
Compressors provide the
pressure needed to move gas
from the pipeline into large
geologic formations used for
storage
Compressors are also used to
withdraw the gas from the
storage reservoir for delivery

Storage
G16CM34 Recip
G3600 - Recip

Transmission
G3600 - Recip
G16CM34
- Recip
Natural gas can be stored
underground in (A) salt Turbine - Centrifugal
caverns, (B) mines, (C)
aquifers,
(D) depleted oil/gas
reservoirs, and (E) hard rock
mines.
G3600 - Recip

Gas Compression Applications

Storage
Reciprocating compressors are
used, with the size of the
engine-compressor package
determined by the needs of the
specific application

Storage
G16CM34 Recip
G3600 - Recip

Transmission
G3600 - Recip
Natural gas can be storedG16CM34 - Recip
underground in (A) salt Turbine - Centrifugal
caverns, (B) mines, (C)
aquifers,
(D) depleted oil/gas
reservoirs, and (E) hard rock
mines.
G3600 - Recip

Where is the Gas Storage?

Gas Compression Applications

Gas Lift Companies

Blue Sky Midstream

CDM Resource Management LLC
Frontier Energy Services, LLC
Trinity Energy Services
Lycon Inc Oilfield Lift Services
Access Midstream Partners
Centerpoint Energy Services

Gas Compression Applications

Wellhead Compression Companies

Valerus
CDM Resource Management LLC
Frontier Energy Services, LLC
Trinity Energy Services

Gas Compression Applications

Wellhead Compression Companies

J W Power/J W Operating/J W Energy

Mustang Compression
Gas Compression Services
AEREON
Total Compression

Gas Compression Applications

Gathering Companies

MidCon Compression
Enable Compression (formerly Enogex)
Axip Energy Services
Exterran Partners
USA Compression
Compressco
Natural Gas Compression Systems
Southwestern Energy
Talisman

Gas Compression Applications

Gas Processing Companies

Enable Compression
Enterprise
Oneok
Atlas Pipeline
Anadarko Petroleum
Devon Energy
Encana
Duke Energy
Markwest Energy
Piedmont Natural Gas
Enbridge Energy Partners, L.P.

Gas Compression Applications

Gas Transmission Companies

Atlas Pipeline Partners

Boardwalk Pipeline Partners
Columbia Gas
Crestwood Midstream LP
DCP Midstream Partners LP
Dominion Gas
Enable Midstream Partners LP
Kinder Morgan
Energy Transfer
Markwest Energy
Tall Grass

Gas Compression Applications

Gas Storage Companies-more than 125

Williams
Kinder Morgan
Jefferson Island Storage & Hub
Sempra U.S. Gas and Power-Mississippi Hub and Storage
Dominion
Anr Pipeline
Oneok Texas Gas Storage LLC
Markwest Liberty Midstream & Resources, LLc
Spectra Bobcat Gas Storage
Columbia Gas Transmission

Information contained in this publication may be considered confidential.

Discretion is recommended when distributing.
Materials and specifications are subject to change without notice.
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