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Kultur Dokumente
Organization of Production
Production Function with Variable Input
Optimal Use of the Variable Input
Production Function with Two Variable Inputs
Optimal Combination of Inputs
Return to Scale
Empirical Production Functions
Innovations and Global Competitiveness
Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.
Slide 1
Bab 6
Teori Produksi dan Perkiraan
Organisasi Produksi
Fungsi Produksi dengan Variable Input
Penggunaan Optimal dari Variable Input
Fungsi Produksi dengan Dua Variable Inputs
Kombinasi Optimal dari Inputs
Tingkat Pengembalian
Fungsi Produksi Empiris
Inovasi dan Persaingan Global
Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.
Slide 2
Slide 3
Organisasi Produksi
Input: Buruh/TK. Kapital, Lahan/ SDA
Input Tetap: tidak dapat diganti dg segera: pabrik,
alat
Slide 4
Q = f(L, K)
K
6
5
4
3
2
1
Q
10
12
12
10
7
3
1
24
28
28
23
18
8
2
31
36
36
33
28
12
3
36
40
40
36
30
14
4
40
42
40
36
30
14
5
39
40
36
33
28
12
6 L
Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.
p. 227
Slide 5
Q = f(L, K)
K
6
5
4
3
2
1
Q
10
12
12
10
7
3
1
24
28
28
23
18
8
2
31
36
36
33
28
12
3
36
40
40
36
30
14
4
40
42
40
36
30
14
5
39
40
36
33
28
12
6 L
Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.
p. 227
Slide 6
Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.
Slide 7
Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.
Slide 8
Production Function
With Two Inputs
Continuous Production Surface
p. 229
Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.
Slide 9
Fungsi Produksi
Dengan Dua Input Tidak Tetap
Permukaan Produksi Berkesinabungan
p. 229
Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.
Slide 10
Production Function
With One Variable Input
Total Product
Marginal Product
Average Product
p. 230
TP = Q = f(L)
TP
L
MPL =
TP
APL =
L
Production or
Output Elasticity
EL =
%Q
Q/Q
=
L/L
Q/L
Q/L
%L
Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.
MPL
APL
Slide 11
Fungsi Produksi
p. 230
Dengan Satu Input Tidak Tetap
Total Produksi TP = Q = f(L)
Produksi Marginal
Produksi Rata-rata
TP
L
MPL =
TP
APL =
L
Elastisitas
Produksi atau
Output
EL =
%Q
Q/Q
=
L/L
Q/L
Q/L
%L
Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.
MPL
APL
Slide 12
L
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Q
0
3
8
12
14
14
12
MPL
3
5
4
2
0
-2
APL
3
4
4
3.5
2.8
2
EL
1
1.25
1
0.57
0
-1
Maximum Product
Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.
Slide 13
p. 231
Fungsi Produksi
Dengan Satu Input Tidak Tetap
Total, Marginal, dan Rata-rata Produksi TK, dan Elastisitas Output
L
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Q
0
3
8
12
14
14
12
MPL
3
5
4
2
0
-2
APL
3
4
4
3.5
2.8
2
EL
1
1.25
1
0.57
0
-1
Produksi maksimum
Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.
Slide 14
Production Function
With One Variable Input
MPL = 0
TP max at 4L and 5L
MPL = maks
Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.
Slide 15
Fungsi Produksi
Dengan Satu Input Tidak Tetap
MPL = 0
MPL naik hingga 1,5 L kmd turun dan negatif stlh 4,5 L
Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.
Slide 16
Production Function
With One Variable Input
p. 233
MPL = 0
MPL = APL
MPL = 0
Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.
Slide 17
Fungsi
ProduksiFunction p. 233
Production
Dengan
Input Tidak
Tetap
With Satu
One Variable
Input
MPL = 0
MPL = APL
MPL = 0
Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.
Slide 18
Profit Maximization
p.248
= TR TC = P.Q wL rK
Q = f (K,L)
p. 270
= P. f (K,L) wL rK
1
d = Pdf
dL
dL
w = 0
(MPL)(MR) = MRPL = w
d = Pdf
dK
dK
r = 0
(MPK)(MR) = MRPK = r
P is constant P = MR
MPL
MPK
MPL
MPK
Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.
r
Slide 19
Laba Maksimum
= TR TC = P.Q wL rK
= P. f (K,L) wL rK
1
d = Pdf
dL
dL
p. 270
Q = f (K,L)
w = 0
(MPL)(MR) = MRPL = w
d = Pdf
dK
dK
p.248
r = 0
(MPK)(MR) = MRPK = r
P tetap P = MR
MPL
MPK
MPL
MPK
Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.
r
Slide 20
MPL
4
3
2
1
0
MR = P
$10
10
10
10
10
MRPL
$40
30
20
10
0
MRCL
$20
20
20
20
20
Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.
Slide 21
MPL
4
3
2
1
0
MR = P
$10
10
10
10
10
MRPL
$40
30
20
10
0
MRCL
$20
20
20
20
20
Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.
Slide 22
p. 235
MVPL = MRPL
MRPL = (MPL)(MR)
MR = P
TC
Marginal Resource
Cost of Labor
MRCL =
MRPL = MRCL = w
=w
Slide 23
p. 235
MVPL = MRPL
MRPL = (MPL)(MR)
MR = P
MRCL =
TC
=w
L
MRPL = MRCL = w
Slide 24
MRPL = (MPL)(MR)
p. 236
TR
MR =
Q
A
Maximum profits
Optimal amount of L
Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.
Slide 25
MRPL = (MPL)(MR)
TR
MR =
Q
p. 236
Upah Minimum:
Masalah Internal & eksternal
Laba Maksimum
Jumlah Optimal TK
Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.
Slide 26
Slide 27
Slide 28
TP curve ??
Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.
Slide 29
Kurva TP ??
Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.
Slide 30
p. 242
Slide 31
p. 242
Slide 32
p.240
Economic
Region of
Production:
Between ridge
lines: OVI &
OZI
Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.
Slide 33
p.240
Wilayah
Ekonomis
dari
Produsksi:
Diantara garis
pembatas:
OVI & OZI
Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.
Slide 34
Maximum
Maximum Variable
Variable Proportions
Proportions for
for Inputs
Inputs XXand
and YY
X and Y = inputs
Figure 7.6
Fundamentals of Managerial Economics 7e
735
Proporsi
Proporsi Maksimum
Maksimum untuk
untuk Input
Input XX ddan
an YY
X dan Y = input
Figure 7.6
Fundamentals of Managerial Economics 7e
736
-2.5K
N R : MRTS = 2.5
R S : MRTS = 0.5
Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.
Slide 37
-2.5K
N R : MRTS = 2.5
R S : MRTS = 0.5
Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.
Slide 38
Perfect Complements
Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.
Slide 39
Saling Membutuhkan
yang Sempurna
Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.
Slide 40
C wL rK
C Total Cost
w Wage Rate of Labor ( L )
C w
K L
r r
r Cost of Capital ( K )
Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.
Slide 41
C Total Cost
w = Tingkat upah
C w
K L
r r
r = Biaya Modal
Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.
Slide 42
Isocost Lines
AB
C = $100, w = r = $10
AB
C = $140, w = r = $10
AB
C = $80, w = r = $10
AB*
Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.
Slide 43
Isocost Lines
AB
C = $100, w = r = $10
AB
C = $140, w = r = $10
AB
C = $80, w = r = $10
AB*
Harga L turun:
$10 $5
Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.
Slide 44
MPK
r
MRTS = w/r
At pt H can produce
10Q or 14Q but isocost
AB could reach
isoquant 14Q not 10Q
at pt F
p. 246
Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.
Slide 45
MPK
r
MRTS = w/r
Pd titik H dapat
memproduksi 10Q atau
14Q tetapi isocost AB
dapat mencapai
isoquant 14Q bukan
10Q pd titik F
p. 246
Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.
Slide 46
Optimal
Optimal
Input
Input
Combination
Combination
ss
X and Y = inputs
Figure 7.9
Fundamentals of Managerial Economics 7e
747
Kombinasi
Kombinasi
Input
Input
Optimal
Optimal
X dan Y = input
Figure 7.9
Fundamentals of Managerial Economics 7e
748
w falls to $5
Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.
Slide 49
w turun $5
Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.
Slide 50
Returns to Scale
Production Function Q = f(L, K)
Q = f(hL, hK)
If = h, then f has constant returns to scale.
If > h, then f has increasing returns to scale.
If < h, the f has decreasing returns to scale.
If = h = 2 constant returns to scale = output increases
in the same proportion.
Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.
Slide 51
Skala Pengembalian
Fungsi Produksi Q = f(L, K)
Q = f(hL, hK)
If = h, f mempunyai skala pengembalian
konstan.
If > h, f mempunyai skala pengembalian
menaik
If < h, f memp.skala pengemb. menurun.
If = h = 2 skala pengembalian konstan = output naik
dengan proporsi yang sama .
Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.
Slide 52
Returns to Scale
Constant
Returns to
Scale
=h
Increasing
Returns to
Scale
>h
Q = f(hL, hK)
Decreasing
Returns to
Scale
<h
Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.
Slide 53
Skala Pengembalian
Skala
Pengembalian
Tetap
=h
Skala
Pengembalian
Meningkat
>h
Q = f(hL, hK)
Skala
Pengembalian
Menurun
<h
Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.
Slide 54
Empirical Production
Functions
p. 255
Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.
Slide 55
Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.
Slide 56
p. 257
Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.
Slide 57
p. 257
Standar Bersaing:
Bersaing menguji dalam program kontrol mutu dan kepuasan
pelanggan: Jepang dengan Xerox mesin fotocopy
layar
komputer
alat-alat mesin
terintegrasi
Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.
Slide 58
Output
Input L
Input L
K fixed
Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.
Slide 59
Problems
No. 6, 7 and 8 :
Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.
Slide 60
= TR TC
Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.
Slide 61
Production Function
With One Variable Input
Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.
p. 233
Slide 62
Fungsi Produksi
p. 233
dengan Satu Input Tidak Tetap
Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.
Slide 63