Be Secure Project

Water Security for Resilient Economic

Growth and Stability

Climate Change
Impacts on
Water
Sanitation
Facilities and
Services
Bebet G. Gozun
Climate Resiliency Team Leader
Training on Sewerage and Septage Management
Bayview Park Hotel, March 9-10,2015

Whats it all about? Global

Fever
(Sources: Climatic Research
Unit of the University of East
Anglia, Hadley Centre of the
UK Meteorological Office, Data
set TaveGL2v, Jones and
Moberg, 2003)

Increasing levels of GHGs

in the atmosphere since the
industrial revolution make for a
warmer world leading to abrupt
changes in climate!

Greenhouse gases (GHGs)

trap heat from the sun to
keep the Earth warm.

Methane
Carbon Dioxide

CO2

CH4

Nitrous Oxide

NO2
SF6

H2O
Water vapor

HFCs

N2O
CO2
CO2
CH4
CH4 CH4
CO
CO2 CO22
CO2 CO
2

CO2
CO2
HFCs
N2O
CH4
N2O PFCs HFCs SF6 CO2
SF6 CO2
SF6

PFCs

The Greenhouse Effect

Be Secure Project
Water Security for Resilient Economic
Growth and Stability

Be Secure Project
Water Security for Resilient Economic
Growth and Stability

Increasing
temperature

Based on the
middle range scenario
of the IPCC s 4th
Assessment Report,
the entire East Asia
Region was projected
to experience
temperature rise of
about 2.5C by the end
of the century (2100).

Be Secure Project
Water Security for Resilient Economic
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Across Society
Vulnerable sectors
Agriculture
Freshwater
Health
Biodiversity
Forests

ENSO drought events and rice

1oC increase leads to

5% decrease in rice yield
From: www.sciencentral.com: Cassman, IRRI, National Academy of Sciences

Be Secure Project
Water Security for Resilient Economic
Growth and Stability

Climate Change Impacts

Increase in sea surface temperatures
ofabout 0.50C can already initiate
coral bleaching
1995 & 1998 coral bleaching
events
(e.g., Tubbataha Reef Marine Park,
Bolinao, Kalayaan Island Group, NW Palawan)

June - Nov 1998 coral bleaching led to 46%

decrease in coral cover and about 49% of
overall coral death in the area
CORAL BLEACHING
& DEATH
Arceo, et. al. Coral Bleaching
in the Philippines. Disturbing Climate. 2001
World Wildlife Fund. Climate Change Scenarios for the Philippines

Licuanan et al., 2001

Be Secure Project
Water Security for Resilient Economic
Growth and Stability

More than 50% of Filipinos

depend on seafood as their
primary source of protein ----NUTRITION is at risk!

An

m
a
D4

t 201
a
g y
Ma

Be Secure Project
Water Security for Resilient Economic
Growth and Stability

Variability
of
Precipitation

Annual mean
precipitation expected
to increase about 14%
in East Asia but this is
not evenly distributed
in the region
(based on the 4th Assessment
Report 2007(

Be Secure Project
Water Security for Resilient Economic
Growth and Stability

ADB Study on Economic

Impacts of CC in
Southeast Asia (2009)
- Indonesia, Thailand and
Vietnam will be
generally drier in next
2-3 decades
- Philippines will be
generally wetter til the
end of this century

Changes in annual mean

precipitation in %
(period 2071/2100 compared to
1961/1990, SRES A2)
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/
climat/adaptation/index_en.htm

Be Secure Project
Water Security for Resilient Economic
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Summary of Findings
PAGASA Study 2010

Projection of seasonal temporal rainfall variation is largest

(-35 % to +44%) during the seasons of June-July-August and
March-April-May.

The highest increase in rainfall during southwest monsoon

season (JJA) is likely in Region 01 (44%), CAR (29%), Region 03
(34%), Region 04 (24%) and Region 05 (24%) in 2050.

A downward trend is likely in Mindanao as indicated in the

reduction in seasonal rainfall in MAM, JJA and SON by 2050.

Be Secure Project
Water Security for Resilient Economic
Growth and Stability

Inundate
wetlands and
other low lying
lands

* Erode beaches

Rising Sea
Levels

Intensify
flooding

Increase the
salinity of
rivers, bays and
groundwater
tables

Be Secure Project
Water Security for Resilient Economic
Growth and Stability

SALTWATER
INTRUSION
2003

WATER
RESOURCES
Total Resources

2000
m3/person

World

42,655.0

7,045

Asia

13,508.0

3,668

2,460.0

8,838

Japan

460.0

3,393

Lao Peoples Democratic Republic

190.4

35,049

Malaysia

580.0

26,074

Myanmar

880.6

19,306

Indonesia

2,838.0

13,380

Cambodia

120.6

10,795

Vietnam

366.5

4,591

Philippines

146.01/

1,9071/

Thailand

110.02/

1,8542/

Country

United States of America

Only 2.56% of the worlds water is

freshwater

More intense and longer

droughts since 1970
particularly in the tropics and
subtropics due to increase in
temperature and decrease in
precipitation.

There is observational evidence

of increase intensity of
tropical cyclone activity in
the North Atlantic since
1970 correlated with the
increase in sea surface
temperature.

Direct
Observations of
Recent Climate
Change

Cold days, cold nights

and frost have
become less
frequent. While hot
days, hot nights,
and heat waves
have become more
frequent.

Source: IPCC 4th Assessment Report: Summary for Policy-makers

Aggravated by loss of forests

which serve as carbon sinks &
watersheds
Half of the forests that
originally covered 46% of the
Earth's land surface are gone.
Only one-fifth of the Earth's
original forests remain
pristine and undisturbed

CONCLUSION

Business as usual is NOT AN OPTION!

Unless action is taken now:

- the standard of living will worsen
- poverty will be exacerbated
- there will be more damage to property &
lives
- business sustainability will be in question
- decades of growth can be wiped out
- mans very survival is at great risk!

CONCLUSION

Climate change action

will require concerted
effort of governments &
their partners (private
sector, NGOs,
communities,
development partners)
to manage and adopt to
a changing & more
invasive environment

SHARED
RESPONSIBILITY

WE MUST PLAN and WORK TOGETHER!

Be Secure Project
Water Security for Resilient Economic
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Under the framework of

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
1. Reduce GHG emissions
(Mitigation)
2. Reduce risk
(Adaptation)

Be Secure Project
Water Security for Resilient Economic
Growth and Stability

paig
m
a
e c
t
a
Clim
y
h
alt
e
H
or a
f
t
e
Di
n
o
b
Car
w
o
L

Be Secure Project
Water Security for Resilient Economic
Growth and Stability

Some Mitigation Measures:

Conserve energy and water

Improve energy efficiency
Promote renewable energy
Shift to alternative, renewable fuel
(non fossil fuel)
Encourage more walking & biking &
car pooling

Be Secure Project
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Ensure
Ensure the sources
sources of water the WATERSHEDS
Protection and
and Grow More

Be Secure Project
Water Security for Resilient Economic
Growth and Stability

Mitigation alone is not enough!

Impacts of Climate Change a
REALITY thats affecting us and will
continue to affect us.
We need to ADAPT to this
NEW NORMAL now !!!

Types of Hazards
capable of causing damage or loss of property and life

Geologic hazards

geologic conditions, such as

avalanches, earthquake, landslides, volcanic eruptions,
sinkholes

Hydro-meteorological hazards -

from natural
processes or phenomena of atmospheric, hydrological or
oceanographic nature such as floods, tropical cyclones,
drought and desertification.

Be Secure Project
Water Security for Resilient Economic
Growth and Stability

Geohazard
It is a condition/s of
the environment
brought about by a
geological
phenomenon/na,
that has/have the
potential of causing
loss of lives and
damage to property.

HAZARD

Hazard - rock
will fall

RISK

Risk - rock will

fall &harm the
couple

Be Secure Project
Water Security for Resilient Economic
Growth and Stability

Risk = f (Hazard + Exposure +

Vulnerability)
Framing
Disaster
Risk
Reduction

A
D
A
P
T
A
T
I
O
N

Temperature - Mitigation & Adaptation

Sound Practices
Tokyo & Singapore

Roof-top gardens
and roadside greening
to reduce impacts of
urban heat island
effect

Seattle

Urban greenery project

Albuquerque & Seattle Improved building

(King County)
design and insulation
GREEN BUILDINGS

Be Secure Project
Water Security for Resilient Economic
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Overall
Greening

Green Walls

Green Roofs

Be Secure Project
Water Security for Resilient Economic
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Sea Level Rise & Storm Surge

Sector

Adaptation option/strategy

Infrastructure

*
*

Relocate those at risk

Increase ground level
Strictly follow or better yet, increase easement
requirements
More inland rather than coastal infrastructure
development
Protect and expansion existing natural
barriers (mangroves)
Create marshlands & wetlands as buffer
vs sea level rise & flooding
Seawalls & storm surge barriers

Be Secure Project
Water Security for Resilient Economic
Growth and Stability

Sector

Adaptation option/strategy

Energy

Reduce dependence on single energy

source diversify energy sources
Use more renewable sources
Strengthen overhead transmission &
distribution infrastructure
Underground cabling for utilities

Be Secure Project
Water Security for Resilient Economic
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Examples of WATER adaptation

Sector

Adaptation option/strategy

Singapore

Expanded rainwater harvesting

17 reservoirs (capture every single
drop of rain)
Water conservation
Water re-use from treated wastewater
(NeWater)
Desalination
Water use and irrigation efficiency

The Fort
Taguig City,
Philippines

Construction of water storage (6-storey high

building) under Burgos Circle

Be Secure Project
Water Security for Resilient Economic
Growth and Stability

We are blessed with more than

140 Billion Cubic Meters of
rainfall, each year.
We lose nearly 80% of it

Be Secure Project
Water Security for Resilient Economic
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Allow rainwater to recharge the aquifer

do not pave everything - use pavers

Climate
Resilient
Solutions
For
Water and
Wastewater
Systems

Climate
Resilient
Solutions
for
Water and
Wastewater
Systems

Be Secure Project
Water Security for Resilient Economic
Growth and Stability