Exercise on Chemistry Paper 4= 2014= form 5

Preparation for
Practical chemistry

Paper 4- practical chemistry

2 sections ( 1 hour)
Part A) carrying out experiment
Example, taking volume, temperature, mass,
time
Then do calculations
Part B) salt analysis given unknown salt, you
are asked to determine what the salt is

Salt analysis
To identify cations ( ions that go to
the cathode , that is positive ions)
To identify anions ( ions that go to
the anode , that is negative ions )

SALT ANALYSIS - cations

Cati Sodium
ons hydroxide
solution
For NH4 No change, but
ms +
when heated gas
no
released which
preci
turns damp red
pitat
litmus to
blu
e
.
e

Ammoni Confirmat
a solution ory tests

No
chan
ge

Add
Nesslers
reagent turns
brown

Test for ammonium ion click

to play

SALT ANALYSIS - cations

Catio Sodium
ns
hydroxide
solution
For Na +
ms
no K +
pre
cipi
tate

Ammonia
solution

No change

No change

No change

No change

Confirm
atory
tests

Cations

Sodium
Ammonia
hydrox (aq solution

Forms Ca +2 White
white
precipitate
ppt

Mg +2 White
precipitate

Confirm
atory
tests

No change
NO

White precipitate
NO

Cations

Sodium hydroxide
solution

Form Zn +2 White
s
ppt
white
soluble in
ppt
excess
Solubl
e in
excess

Ammonia solution

Confirmatory tests

White
precipitate
soluble in excess

Video test on zinc ion- click

to play

Catio NaOH
ns
solution
Form Al +3 White ppt
s
soluble
white
ppt
Solubl
e in
excess

Ammonia Confirmato
solution
ry tests
White
ppt

Add
sodiu

m
sulphate
solution or
add
potassium
sulphate
solutionNO PPT

Forms Pb +2
white
ppt
Solubl
e in
excess

NaOH
(aq)
White
precipit
ate
soluble
in
excess

Ammo Confirmatory
nia (aq) test
White
Add
precipita Na2SO4solution
te
OR add K2SO4
solution- WHITE
PRECIPITATE
OR KI solution
turns
.
yello
PRECIPITATE
w

Cations Sodium
hydroxide
solution

Forms Fe +2
coloure
d ppt

Ammonia solution

Confirmatory tests

Green
Potassium
green
.. precipitate hexa
precipit
cyanoferra
ate
te turns dark
(III)
blue

Fe +3 Brown
precipit
ate

..
Potassi
brown
.preci hexacyanoferrate
um
pitate
(II) turns dark
blue

Cations

Sodium hydroxide
solution

Ammonia solution

Forms
Cu +2 Blue
Blue
coloured
precipitate precipitate
ppt
soluble in
excess to
form dark
blue
solution

Confirmatory
tests

N
O

Test for anions

Anion procedure
s
nitrate Add dilute
s
sulphuric acid
to nitrate
solution
Add iron (II)
sulphate
solution
Add conc
sulphuric acid

observati
ons
Brown ring
formed

Test for anions

Anio
ns
carb
onat
es

proced observations
ure
Bubbles of gas
Add
produced that turn
any
lime water cloudy
dilute
acid to
carbon
ate
solutio
n

Test for anions

Anion procedure
s

observati
ons

chlorid Add dilute

e
nitric acid to
chloride
solution
Add silver
nitrate
solution

White
precipitate

Test for anions

Anion procedure
s
Sulpha Add dilute
te
hydrochloric
acid to
sulphate
solution
Add barium
chloride
solution

observati
ons
White
precipitate

2) ( remember this table )Effect of heating on salts

Salts

1)Nitrate
s

Gas released

Residue
formed

All nitrates Nitrogen

Metal
dioxide and oxide
.
oxyge

n
Except
oxygen
sodium
nitrate and
potassium
nitrate

Metal
nitrite

1)Carbonate

All
Carbon
carbonates dioxide
metal

oxide
Except
sodium
carbonate
and
potassium
carbonate

Do not
decomp

ose on
.
heating

3) Solubility of salts
SALTS
CHLORIDE
S

SULPHATE
S

SOLUBLE
ALL

INSOLUBLE
PAH=== Pb chloride,
.. chloride, Hg
silve
chlorides
r

all

PCB == Pb sulphate,
..sulphate, Ba
calciu
sulphate
m

Soluble and insoluble in

water

NITRATES

All soluble

none

CARBONA Soluble are KAN The rest not

TES
= K carbonates ,
soluble

..
Ammoniu
mcarbonates,
Na carbonates

4) Colour of substances
All WHITE in colour except
salts i)All copper salts are BLUE except
copper(II) which
is
carbon
GREEN
ate
ii)All iron(II) salts are

Gree
iii)Allniron (III) salts are

Brow

ALL WHITE except

oxides i)Zinc oxide white when cold,

when hot
Yellow
ii)Lead(II) oxide yellow when cold,
when hot

Orange

iii)Copper(II) oxide
..

Black

ALL Grey in colour except

metal i)Silver is shiny
s
.
white
ii)Gold is shiny .
yellow
iii)Copper is
.
brown
Other Lead(II) iodide is
yellow lead(II)
s
,
chromate is yellow,

5) Identify salts OR cation OR anion below

Experiment
1

Salt
/cation/anion
EXAMPLE:

Blue solid which when

heated release brown gas Salt:Copper(II)
and forms black solid as nitrate
residue

White solid when heated

release carbon dioxide
and residue which is white
when cold and yellow
when hot

A solution which gives

white precipitate with
sodium hydroxide , and
white precipitate with
ammonia solution

Zinc
carbona
te

Mg 2+ ion/
magnesiu
m ion

A solution which gives white

precipitate soluble in excess
with sodium hydroxide , and
white precipitate with
ammonia solution

A solution which gives white

precipitate soluble in excess
with sodium hydroxide , and
white precipitate soluble in
excess ammonia solution

Al 3+
OR
Pb 2+
ion
Zn 2+
ion

A solution which gives white

precipitate with sodium
hydroxide , and no change in
ammonia solution

Ca 2+
ion

A solution which gives brown

precipitate with sodium
Fe
hydroxide

3+

ion

8 A solution which gives

white precipitate with
nitric acid and silver
nitrate solution

Cl ion
Chlorid
e ion

9 A solution which gives

bubbles of gas with
sulphuric acid

CO3
ion

2-

Carbon
ate ion

10 A solution which gives brown

ring with sulphuric acid and
iron(II) sulphate solution and
with careful addition of
concentrated sulphuric acid
11 A solution which gives white
precipitate with nitric acid
and barium nitrate solution

NO3
ion
Nitrate
ion 2
SO4
ion
sulphat
e ion

12 A solution which gives yellow

2
Pb
precipitate with potassium
ion/
iodide solution
13 A solution which gives white
precipitate soluble in excess
with sodium hydroxide , and
white precipitate with
ammonia solution . There was
no change with the solution,
when sodium sulphate
solution is added to it

lead(II)
ion
Al 3+ ion
/
alumini
um ion

Salt Y
Procedure

Observation

1 Heat salt Lime water

Y strongly turns chalky
Residue is
brown when
hot, yellow
when cold

Inference

Gas CO2
Salt Y is
carbonat
e salt
Residue
is
lead(II)
oxide

Salt Y
Procedure

2 Cool the
residue, then
add nitric
acid and stir
to form a
solution

Observation

Residue
dissolves in
acid to form a
colourless
solution , X

Inference

Residu
e is a
carbona
te salt

To the solution X,
1 NaOH

Pour 2 cm3
aqueous of solution X
into a test
tube.

White
precipitate
soluble in
excess
Add sodium NaOH
solution
hydroxide
solution ,
little first and
shake well ,
and then in
excess and
shake well

X
contain
s Zn2+ /
Al3+
/Pb2+

NH3
Pour 2 cm3 of White
aqueous solution X into precipi
a test tube.
tate
Add ammonia
aqueous , little
first and shake
well , and then
in excess and
shake well

X
contain
s Al3+
/Pb2+

Potassiu
m
iodide
solution

Pour 2 cm3 of Yellow

solution X into precipitat
X
a test tube.
e is
contain
Add 1 cm3 of formed
2+
potassium
iodide solution

Therefore salt Y is ..

Lead(II)
carbonate

s Pb
ion

Salt W is zinc nitrate . Fill in the table below for expected results
Procedu
re

1 Heat
salt Y
strongl
y

Observation

Brown gas
and
gas that
rekindle
glowing
wooden
splinter
formed

Inference

NO2
gas and
O2 gas
Y
contain
s
nitrate

Salt W is zinc nitrate . Fill in the table below for expected results
Procedure

Observation

2 Cool the residue, then

add hydrochloric acid Resid
and stir to form a
ue
solution

dissol
ves in
acid

Inference

Resid
ue is a
base

To the solution X,
1 NaOH
Add
aqueous

NaOH
soluti
on,
little
first,
then
in
exces
s

White
precipit
ate,
soluble
in
excess

X
contai
ns Zn2+
/ Al3+
/Pb2+

To the solution X,
2 NH3
Add
aqueous

NH3
aq,
soluti
on,
little
first,
then
in
exces

White
precipit
ate,
soluble
in
excess

X
contai
ns
Zn2+

Question 3 Solution Q is magnesium chloride

Reaction
with

1 NaOH
aqueous

Procedure

Observation

Add
NaOH
soluti White
precipit
on,
ate
little
first,
then
in

Inference

X
contai
ns
Mg2+ /
Ca2+

2 NH3
Add
aque
NH3
ous

X
White
contai
soluti precipit ns
ate
on,
Mg2+
little
first,
then
in
exces
s

3 Hydroc
hloric
acid
and
barium
chlorid
e
solutio
n

Add
HCl
follow
ed by
bariu
m
chlori
de
soluti
on

No
chan
ge

No
sulpha
te ion

4 Nitric
acid
and
silver
nitrate
solution

Add
nitric White
precipit
acid
follow ate
ed by
AgNO
3
soluti
on

Chlori
de ion
presen
t

Question 4
Solution Y is aluminium sulphate .
Reaction
with

1 NaOH
aq

Procedure

Observation

Inference

X
Add
contai
NaOH White
ns Zn2+
soluti precipit / Al3+
2+
on,
/Pb
ate
little
soluble
first, in
then
excess
in
exces

2 NH3
aqueou
Add
s

NH3
soluti White
on,
precipit
little
ate
first,
then
in
exces
s

X
contai
ns
Al3+
/Pb2+

3 Hydroc
hloric
acid
and
barium
chloride
solution

Add
hydro White
cloric precipit
ate
acid
follow
ed by
bariu
m
chlori
de
soluti

Sulph
ate ion
presen
t

4 Nitric
acid
and
silver
nitrate
solutio
n

Add
nitric
acid
follow
ed by
AgNO
3
soluti
on

No
chan
ge

No
Chlorid
e ion
presen
t

5 Dilute
sulphuri
c acid,
iron (II)
sulphate
,
concentr
ated
sulphuri
c acid

Add dil
H2SO4,
followed
by
Fe(SO4)2
solution
Carefull
y add
con
H2SO4
drop by

No
brow
n
ring
form
ed

No
nitrat
e ion
prese
nt

End