Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Presented by :
Divya sampath
&
Vidur Nair
DEFINITION:
Salmond :- Liability and responsibility is the bond
of necessity that exists between the wrongdoer and
the remedy of the wronged
Primary liability :
1. Civil liability :
.Civil wrong is the against a private individual and
the remedy is damages.
.The liability is measured by the wrongful act and the
liability depends on the act and not the intension
2. Criminal liability :
. Crime is a wrong committed against the society and
remedy is punishment.
. Liability in a crime is measured by the intension of
the wrongdoer.
Secondary liability :
1. Remedial
Based on the maxim ubi jus idi remedium
[when there is a right, there must be some
remedy]
2.Penal
Based on the maxim Actus non facit reum ,
nisi mens sit rea
[ where the act does not amount to guilt, it
must be accompanied by a guilty mind ]
Kinds of acts
Voluntary Act and involuntary act :If the act is willed or deliberate, it is a voluntary act. If the act is without will or
not willed, it is an involuntary act. Ex: acts performed by persons suffering from
some abnormal condition like acts done in sleep etc.
Intentional and unintentional act :-
Intentional act means an act which is foreseen and is desired by the doer of the
act. Unintentional act is that act which is not desired or it is not a result of any
determination .
Internal and external acts :Internal acts are the acts of mind while external acts are the acts of the body.
Every external act is preceded by an internal act. But every internal act need not
necessarily be followed by the external act.
Positive and negative acts :-
When the wrongdoer does an act which he should not do, it is a positive act,
whereas when the wrongdoer does not do an act which he should do , it is a
negative act.
Mens rea
Meaning of mens rea is guilty mind Any act alone does not constitute to
crime. It requires a guilty mind behind it . Mens Rea is defined as the mental
element necessary to constitute criminal liability .
Salmond criminal liability may require the wrongful act to be done
intentionally or with some further wrongful purpose in mind, or it may suffice
that it was done recklessly. And in each case the mental attitude of the doer is
such as to make punishment effective.
Mens rea must extend to all three parts of the act :
The physical doing or not doing.
The circumstances, and
The consequences
Presumption of Innocence
One of the fundamental principles of criminal law is that every one
is presumed to be innocent until his guilt is proved by the
prosecution. But there are certain exceptions of this fundamental
principal which are as follows :
A person who is In possession of stolen goods soon after the theft
may be presumed by the court either to be a thief or a guilty
receiver unless he has a satisfactory explanation for the possession
of those goods.
Where the accused pleads protection under some of the exceptions
or defenses, the court need not presume innocence of the accused.
In such circumstances if the defense fails, the accused will be
convicted
Attempt:The third stage is attempt, which is the direct movement towards he commission
of crime after preparations are made. It is referred as an intentional act carried
out by a person towards the commission of the crime.
Commission:The last stage is Commission , that is when the crime is successfully committed.
MALICE
In a narrow and popular sense been malice ill will . In law it means
wrongful intention or recklessness. It includes any intent which the
law deems wrongful. An act done with a bad intention or with bad
motive is said to have been done maliciously.
It is divided into two parts
Malice In Fact :
Is irrelevant except in cases of malicious prosecution, defamation on
a privileged occasion , injurious falsehood and conspiracy.
A law does not become unlawful only because it is done with bad
motive or malice and similarly , an unlawful act does not become
lawful if done with good motive.
Malice In Law :
Means a wrongful act done intentionally without just cause or
excuse. Such malice is implied in every case where a person has
inflicted injury upon another in contravention of the law without just
cause or excuse.
Character of offender :
The worse character of the offender, the more severe should be the
punishment. Law should carefully deal with offenders whose
characters are yet to be formed. Juvenile offenders and first offenders
may thus be treated leniently by law.
Negligence
Negligence is a particular state of mind of the person who
does an act . It is culpable carelessness. It is the breach of a
legal duty to take care of which results in damage undesired
by the defendant to the plaintiff. Thus its ingredients are :
A legal duty on the part of a person[A] towards another
person[B] to exercise care n such conduct as falls within the
scope of the duty.
breach of that duty .
Consequential damage .
Theories of Negligence
Subjective theory :This theory was propounded by Salmond. According to him, a careless is a
person who does not care. negligence essentially consists in the mental
attitude of undue indifference with respect to ones conduct and its
consequences
Objective theory :Means that negligence is an objective fact. It is not a particular state of mind
or form of the mens rea at all, but a particular kind of conduct.
Strict liability
These are acts for which a man is responsible
irrespective of the existence of either wrongful intent or
negligence. They are exceptions to the general
requirement of fault. They arise from an absolute
liability. Hence the wrong arises from the breach of an
absolute duty.
Mistake of fact :
Ignorantia facit excusat ignorance of the fact is an excuse. It means
that a person is not liable for a wrongful act if he has done it under a
mistake of fact . It is a valid defense against a wrongful act.
Vicarious liability
Vicarious liability is divided into two chief classes :
Master servant relationship
where in every person is responsible for his owns acts , but certain
circumstances liability attaches to him for the wrongful acts committed by others.
Liability of the master for the acts of his servant is both joint as well as several .
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