Chapter 18.

Heat
Transfer

A PowerPoint Presentation by
Paul E. Tippens, Professor of
Physics
Southern Polytechnic State
2007
University

TRANSFER OF HEAT is minimized by

multiple layers of beta cloth. These and other
insulating materials protect spacecraft from
hostile environmental conditions. (NASA)

Objectives: After finishing

this unit, you should be
able
to:
Demonstrate your understanding
of conduction, convection, and
radiation, and give examples.
Solve thermal conductivity
problems based on quantity of
heat, length of path, temperature,
area, and time.
Solve problems involving the rate
of radiation and emissivity of
surfaces.

Heat Transfer by
Conduction

Conduction is the process by which heat

energy is transferred by adjacent molecular
collisions inside a material. The medium
itself does not move.
Conduction

Direction
From
hot to
cold.

Heat Transfer by
Convection
Convection is the process by which
heat energy is transferred by the
actual mass motion of a heated fluid.
Heated fluid rises and is then
replaced by cooler fluid, producing
convection currents.
Convection is significantly affected
by geometry of heated surfaces. (wall,
ceiling, floor)

Convection

Heat Transfer by Radiation

Radiation is the process by
which heat energy is transferred
by electromagnetic waves.
Radiation
Atomic
No medium is required !

Sun

Kinds of Heat Transfer

Consider the operation of a typical coffee
maker:
Think about how heat is
transferred by:
Conduction
?
Convectio
n?
Radiation
?

Heat Current
The heat current H is defined as the
quantity of heat Q transferred per unit of
time in the direction from high
temperature to low temperature.
Steam

Ice

Q
H

( J / s)

Typical units are: J/s, cal/s, and Btu/h

Thermal Conductivity
The thermal conductivity
k of a material is a
measure
of its ability to
H = Heat current (J/s)
conduct heat.
2
A = Surface area (m )
t = Temperature
difference
L = Thickness of
material

Q
kA
tt
Q
kA
H
H

LL

QL
kk QL
AAtt

t1

t2

t = t2 t1

J
Units
s m C0

The SI Units for

Conductivity
Hot

Cold

QL
QL
kk
AAtt

For
For Copper:
Copper: kk =
= 385
385 J/s
J/s m
m
CC00
Taken
literally,
this means
that for a for
1-m
In
SI
units
,
typically
small
measures
In SI units, typically small measures for
length Lofand
copper
whose
cross
section isto
1
length
area
A
must
be
converted
length
L and area A must be converted to
2
m and and
whose
end meters,
points differ
in
meters
square
respectively,
meters and square meters,
respectively,
0
temperature
by 1 Cinto
, heat
will be
before
substitution
formulas.
before substitution into formulas.
conducted at the rate of 1 J/s.

Older Units for Conductivity

t = 1 F0

h
A=1 ft2
Q=1 Btu
L = 1 in.

Older units, still active, use

common measurements for
area in ft2 time in hours,
length in seconds, and
quantity of heat in Btus.
Glass k = 5.6 Btu in./ft2h F0

Taken literally, this means that for a 1-in.

thick plate of glass whose area is 1 ft2 and
whose sides differ in temperature by 1 F0,
heat will be conducted at the rate of 5.6
Btu/h.

Thermal Conductivities
Examples of the two systems of units used for thermal
conductivities of materials are given below:
Material

J/s m C

Btu in/ft 2 h F0

Copper:

385

2660

Concrete or
Glass:

0.800

5.6

Corkboard:

0.040

0.30

Examples of Thermal
Conductivity
Comparison of Heat Currents for Similar Conditions:

L = 1 cm (0.39 in.); A = 1 m2 (10.8 ft2); t = 100

C0
2050 kJ/s

4980 Btu/h

3850 kJ/s

9360 Btu/h

Concrete or
Glass:

8.00 kJ/s

19.4 Btu/h

Corkboard:

0.400 kJ/s

9.72 Btu/h

Aluminum:
Copper:

Example 1: A large glass window

measures 2 m wide and 6 m high. The
inside surface is at 200C and the
outside surface is at 120C. How many
joules of heat pass through this window
0
0
2
20
C
12
= (2hour
m)(6?m)Assume
= 12 m L = 1.5 cm and C
in A
one
that k = 0.8 J/s m C0.
Q kAt
kAt
=
1
h
A
H
; Q

L
L
Q=?
(0.8 J/m s C0 )(12 m 2 )(8 C0 )(3600 s)
Q
0.0150 m

Q
Q == 18.4
18.4 MJ
MJ

t = t2 t1 = 8
0
0.015 m C

Example 2: The wall of a freezing

plant is composed of 8 cm of
corkboard and 12 cm of solid
concrete. The inside surface is at
-200C and
the outside
surface is
H
H

t
0
i

0
+25
is
interface
Note:C. What

the

-20
C
A Corkt ? A Concrete
temperature

250C

k1 ti (200 C)
L1

k 2 250 C - ti

L2

k1 (ti 20 C) k2 (25 C - ti )

L1
L2
0

H
A
Stead
y
8 cm 12 cm Flow

Example 2 (Cont.): Finding the

interface temperature for a composite
wall.
ti
0
0
0
k1 (ti 20 C) k2 (25 C - ti ) -20 C
250C

L1

L2

H
A

Rearranging factors gives:

k1L 2
(ti 200 C) (250 C - ti )
k2 L1

Stead
y
8 cm 12 cm Flow

k1L 2 (0.04 W/m C0 )(0.12 m)

0.075
0
k2 L1 (0.8 W/m C )(0.08 m)

Example 2 (Cont.): Simplifying, we

obtain:

(0.075)(ti 20 C) (25 C - ti )
0

-20 C
0

ti

250C

0.075ti + 1.50C = 250C - ti

From which:

H
A

00
tti i =
21.9
= 21.9 CC

Knowing the interface temperature

ti allows us to determine the rate of
heat flow per unit of area, H/A.

Stead
y
8 cm 12 cm Flow

The quantity H/A is same for cork or concrete:

Q
kA
tt
Q
kA
H
;;
H

LL

H
H kktt

A
A LL

Example 2 (Cont.): Constant steady state

flow.
Over time H/A is constant so
ti
0
different ks cause different -20 C
250C
ts

Cork: t = 21.90C - (-200C) = 41.9 C0

Concrete: t = 250C - 21.90C = 3.1
C0

Q
kA
tt
Q
kA
H
;;
H

LL

H
H kktt

A
A LL

H
A
Stead
y
8 cm 12 cm Flow

Since H/A is the same, lets just choose concrete alone:

H k t (0.8 W/mC0 )(3.1 C0 )

A
L
0.12 m

H
H 20.7 W/m 22
20.7 W/m
AA

Example 2 (Cont.): Constant steady state

flow.
ti
H
0
0
H 20.7 W/m 22
-20
C
25
C
20.7 W/m

AA

Cork: t = 21.9 C - (-20 C) = 41.9 C

0

Concrete: t = 250C - 21.90C = 3.1

C0

Note that 20.7 Joules of heat per

second pass through the composite
wall. However, the temperature
interval between the faces of the
cork is 13.5 times as large as for the
concrete faces.

H
A
Stead
y
8 cm 12 cm Flow
2
IfIfA
A== 10
10 m
m2,, the
the
heat
heat flow
flow in
in 11 hh
would
745
kW
would be
be ______?
______?

Radiation

The rate of radiation R is the energy

emitted per unit area per unit time (power
per unit area).
Rate of Radiation
(W/m2):

Q
PP
Q
RR

AA AA

Emissivity,
Emissivity,ee ::

PP
RR eeTT44
AA

00 >> ee >> 11

Stefan-Boltzman
Stefan-Boltzman Constant
Constant ::
-8
-8 W/mK44
=
5.67
x
10
= 5.67 x 10 W/mK

Example 3: A spherical
surface 12 cm in radius is
heated to 6270C. The
emissivity is 0.12. What
2
2
power
is
radiated?
A 4 R 4 (0.12 m)

Find Power
Radiated
A

A = 0.181 m2
T = 627 + 273; T = 900 K

PP ee AT
AT

6270C

44

P (0.12)(5.67 x 10 W/mK )(0.181 m )(900 K)

-8

Power Radiated from Surface:

PP =
= 808
808 W
W

Summary: Heat Transfer

Conduction: Heat energy is

transferred by adjacent
molecular collisions inside a
material. The medium itself
does not move.

Convection is the process

by which heat energy is
transferred by the actual
mass motion of a heated
fluid.

Radiation is the process by

which heat energy is
transferred by
electromagnetic waves.

Summary of Thermal
Conductivity
The thermal conductivity
k of a material is a
measure
of its ability to
H = Heat current (J/s)
conduct heat.
2
A = Surface area (m )
t = Temperature
difference
L = Thickness of
material

Q
kA
tt
Q
kA
H
H

LL

QL
kk QL
AAtt

t1

t2

t = t2 t1

J
Units
s m C0

Summary of Radiation

The rate of radiation R is the energy

emitted per unit area per unit time (power
per unit area).

Q PP
Rate of Radiation R Q
R

2
(W/m
R ):
AA AA
Emissivity,
Emissivity,ee ::

PP
44
RR eeTT
AA
00 >> ee >> 11

Stefan-Boltzman
Stefan-Boltzman Constant
Constant ::
-8
-8 W/mK44
=
5.67
x
10
= 5.67 x 10 W/mK

Summary of Formulas
Q
kA
tt
Q
kA
H
H

LL

Q
kA
tt
Q
kA
H
;;
H

LL
Q
PP
Q
RR

AA AA

QL
kk QL
AAtt
H
H kktt

A
A LL

J
Units
s m C0

PP ee AT
AT

PP
44
RR eeTT
AA

44

CONCLUSION: Chapter 18
Transfer of Heat