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5. Popular Antennas
Yi HUANG
Department of Electrical Engineering & Electronics
The University of Liverpool
Liverpool L69 3GJ
Email: Yi.Huang@liv.ac.uk
Classification of Antennas
Wire-Type Antennas Aperture-Type Antennas
Dipoles
Horn and open waveguide
Monopoles Reflector antennas
Biconical antennas Slot antennas
Loop antennas
Microstrip antennas
Helical antennas
Linearly polarised antennas Circularly polarised antennas
Element antennas
Antenna array
Narrow-band Broad-band
Transmitting Receiving
5.1
Radiation pattern is
E() = sin
The directivity is
D = 1.5 (1.76dBi)
Half-wavelength dipole
The most popular dipole
Radiation pattern:
Radiation resistance: 73
Directivity:
1.64 (2.15 dBi)
The input impedance is not sensitive to the radius
and is about 73 which is well matched with a
standard transmission line of characteristic
impedance 75 or 50 (with a VSWR < 2).
Its size and radiation pattern are suitable for many
applications
10
Example 5.1
A dipole of the length 2l = 3 cm and diameter d = 2 mm is
made of copper wire (= 5.7 107 S/m) for mobile
communications. If the operational frequency is 1 GHz,
a). obtain its radiation pattern and directivity;
b). calculate its input impedance, radiation resistance and
radiation efficiency;
c). if this antenna is also used as a field probe at 100 MHz
for EMC applications, find its radiation efficiency again,
and express it in dB.
12
Monopole Antennas
Ground
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14
15
An example
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17
Duality Principle
Duality means the state of combing two different things
which are closely linked. In antennas, the duality theory
means that it is possible to write the fields of one
antenna from the field expressions of the other antenna
by interchanging parameters:
System 1
System 2
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19
Loop Antennas
For a short dipole
20
Directivity of a loop
21
22
23
24
25
Helical Antennas
27
28
29
30
The directivity:
Radiation resistance
31
Example 5.2
Design a circularly polarised helix antenna of an endfire radiation pattern with a directivity of 13 dBi. Find
out its radiation resistance, HPBW, AR and
radiation pattern.
32
Radiation patterns
Which is better?
33
Yagi-Uda Antennas
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35
Log-periodic Antennas
36
Antenna design
This seems to have too many variables. In fact, there
are only three independent variables for log-periodic
antenna design.
the scaling factor:
the spacing factor:
the apex angle:
38
39
40
Example 5.3
Design a log-periodic dipole antenna to cover all UHF TV
channels, which is from 470 MHz for channel 14 to 890
MHz for channel 83. Each channel has a bandwidth of 6
MHz. The desired directivity is 8 dBi.
41
5.2
Aperture-Type Antennas
42
43
Directivity:
44
45
Example 5.4
An open waveguide aperture of dimensions a long x and b
along y located in the z = 0 plane. The field in the
aperture is TE10 mode and given by
Find
i). the radiated far field and plot the radiation pattern in both
the E and H planes;
ii). the directivity.
47
Horn Antennas
Horn antennas are the simplest and one of the most widely
used microwave antennas the antenna is nicely integrated
with the feed line (waveguide) and the performance can be
easily controlled.
They are mainly used for standard antenna gain and field
measurements, feed element for reflector antennas, and
microwave communications.
48
49
i.e.
50
The directivity:
We can therefore obtain the design equation
51
Example 5.5
Design a standard gain horn with a directivity of 20 dBi
at 10 GHz. WR-90 waveguide will be used to feed the
horn.
52
Reflector Antennas
Reflector antennas can offer much higher gains than
horn antennas and are easy to design and construct.
The most widely used antennas for high frequency and
high gain applications in radio astronomy, radar,
microwave and millimetre wave communications, and
satellite tracking and communications.
The most popular shape is the paraboloid because of
its excellent ability to produce a pencil beam (high gain)
with low sidelobes and good cross-polarisation
characteristics
53
Antenna design
The reflector design problem consists primarily of
matching the feed antenna pattern to the reflector. The
usual goal is to have the feed pattern about 10 dB down
in the direction of the rim, that is the edge taper = (the
field at the edge)/(the field at the centre) 10 dB.
Directivity:
Half-power beamwidth
55
56
57
Slots Antennas
They are very low-profile and can be conformed to basically
any configuration, thus they have found many
applications, for example, on aircraft and missiles.
58
Antenna
Equivalent circuit
59
whereEandHaretheelectricandmagneticfieldswithinthe
slot,and n istheunitvectornormaltotheslotsurfaceS
For a half-wavelength slot, its equivalent electric surface current JS
= n H = 0, the remaining source at the slot is its equivalent
magnetic current MS = n E (it would be 2MS if the conducting
ground plane were removed using the imaging theory).
60
61
Babinets Principle
The field at any point behind a plane having a screen, if
added to the field at the same point when the
complementary screen is substituted, is equal to the
field at the point when no screen is present.
Apply this to antennas:
62
Microstrip/Patch Antennas
Ease of construction and integration, relatively low cost,
compact low profile configuration and good flexibility
Typical applications for 1 - 20 GHz
64
Operational principles
To be a resonant antenna, the length L should be
around half of the wavelength. In this case, the antenna
can be considered as a /2 transmission line resonant
cavity with two open ends where the fringing fields from
the patch to the ground are exposed to the upper half
space (z > 0) and are responsible for the radiation.
This radiation mechanism is the same as the slot line,
thus there are two radiating slots on a patch antenna.
As a resonant cavity, there are many possible modes (as
waveguides), thus a patch antenna is multi-mode and
may have many resonant frequencies.
65
Radiation pattern
66
Main properties
Directivity
Input impedance
67
Antenna design
Optimised width:
Resonant freq.:
Length:
68
Example 5.7
RT/Duroid 5880 substrate ( and d = 1.588 mm) is to be
used to make a resonant rectangular patch antenna of
linear polarisation;
a). Design such an antenna to work at 2.45 GHz for
Bluetooth applications;
b). Estimate its directivity;
c). If it is to be connected to a 50 ohms microstrip using the
same PCB board, design the feed to this antenna;
d). Find the fractional bandwidth for VSWR < 2.
5.3
Antenna Arrays
71
whereAnistheamplitude,nistherelativephase, Ee is the
radiated field of the antenna element, and AF is called array
factor.
Thus the radiation pattern of an array is the product of the
pattern of individual element antenna with the (isotropic
source) array pattern.
72
Example
element
AF
Total
array
element
AF
Total
array
73
Thus
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75
76
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78
Phased Array
The maximum of the radiation occurs at = 0
That is:
Normally the spacing d is fixed for an array, we can control
the maximum radiation (or scan the beam) by changing the
phase 0 and the wavelength (frequency) this is the
principle of phase/frequency scanned array
79
80
The radiation pattern, SLL, HPBW, and gain for four different
source distributions of eight in-phase isotropic sources spaced by
/2; there are trade-offs!
81
82
Self-impedance:
Mutual impedance:
83
5.4
Polarisation
Polarisation has to be matched from Tx to Rx.