Harmonic Restraint percentage differential

relay for Transformer protection

By
N.Chandu prasad
148W1D5613

Differential
relay
The basic principle on which a differential relay
operate is circulating current principle.
it involve direct comparison of phase and
magnitude of current entering and leaving protected
equipment/section.
operate for internal fault only
Not operate for external faults and transient
conditions

 The current through the operating relay is I1-I2

under normal and external fault condition =0
under internal fault condition 0
The characteristics of the relay which govern its operating
tendency are known as the operating characteristics.
current setting
operating time
The characteristics of the relay which govern its
restraining tendency are known as the restraining
characteristics.
stability for external faults
Stability on magnetizing inrush
Stability during over-excitation inrush

Due to external faults

A differential relay mal-operate for on external faults due to C.T
saturation .
One side may saturate and cause sill current to flow through
the operating
relay
Tap change range provided on the protected transformer will
automatically result in
C.T mismatch.
This result in unwanted operation.

Due to magnetizing inrush

When a transformer primary is switch on to the supply source
while secondary is kept Open a transient magnetizing inrush
current flow only on primary side which appear As the internal
fault to the differentially connected relays.

The inrush magnetizing current contain a large

number of harmonics

Due to over-excitation inrush

Modern power transformers are designed to operate at
about 90% percent of saturation flux densities at the rated
voltage . Hence during abnormal system conditions, short
duration overvoltage conditions can occur resulting in the
saturation of the transformer cores.

Harmonic Restraint percentage differential relay for

Transformer protection
This type of protection is being categorized under static
relays ,due to the fact that the summation of the
through restraint and harmonic restraint has be done by
static circuits and e.m. Relays like the induction disc
type are not suitable.

Type:1 Harmonic
restraint relay

L1-C1 fundamental accepter

circuit
L2-C2 second harmonic
acceptor circuit
L3-C3 third harmonic
acceptor circuit

Type 2: Harmonic
restraint relay

L-C is a fundamental
frequency pass
circuit.

fundamental frequency pass

circuit

L1-C1 is fundamental
frequency pass circuit
L2-C2 is fundamental
frequency block circuit
NR is a nonlinear
resistor for the surge
protection of relay
circuits.
fundamental frequency pass and
fundamental frequency block
circuit
In both cases the total restraint is the arithmetic sum of the
through current and harmonic
current restraints.
Air gap C.T.s have been used for tor maintaining linearity at high
current and for eliminating d.c. Components from the input
currents to the relay.

Type 3: Harmonic blocking

relay

Separate blocking relay

is
used
to
prevent
tripping if the second
harmonic exceeds say
15%
of
the
fundamental.

Rectifier bridge
4 is for third
winding of the
power
transformer

Type:4 Variable percentage differential relay with double

harmonic restraint

The relay provided with

Through fault restraint(T4,T5&T6)
Magnetizing inrush restraint (2nd harmonic)(T3)
Over-excitation restraint(5th harmonic)(T2)

Thank
you