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1. Initial
2. Load
3. Unload
bonds
stretch
return to
initial shape
F
Return to the original
shape when the applied
load is removed.
Elastic means reversible!
Linearelastic
Non-Linearelastic
1. Initial
2. Load
3. Unload
bonds
stretch
& planes
shear
elastic + plastic
F
Could not return to the
original shape when the
applied load is removed.
Plastic means permanent!
p lanes
still
sheared
plastic
F
linear
elastic
linear
elastic
plastic
elastic
Elastic Materials
Plastic Materials
extensometer
Elastoplastic Materials
Viscoelastic Materials
specimen
Unloadin
g
Loadin
g
Loadin
g
Unloadin
g
Plastic deformation
Plastic
Elastic
deformation deformati
on
Fast
LoadingUnloading
Slow
Loading-Unloading
Isotropic
Materials
(METALS)
1=
2
Anisotropic1
Materials 2
(WOOD)
E
Linearelastic
=E
simple
tension
test
Mechanical Behaviour
Elasticity
Recoverable deformation
Plasticity
Permanent deformation
Fracture
Fatigue
Oscillatory loading
Creep
Note: above is a broad classification for convenience. E.g. Creep is also leads to plastic deformation!
Recoverable
Instantaneous
Elastic
Time dependent
Anelasticity
Deformation
Instantaneous
Plastic
Permanent
Time dependent
Viscoelasticity
Elasticity
Elastic deformation is reversible deformation- i.e. when
load/forces/constraints are released the body returns to its original
configuration (shape and size).
Elastic deformation can be caused by tension/compression or shear
forces.
Usually in metals and ceramics elastic deformation is seen at low
strains (less than ~103).
The elastic behaviour of metals and ceramics is usually line ar.
Linear
Elasticity
Elastic modulus is the slope of the Force-interatomic spacing curve (F-r curve), at the
Force
r0
For displacements around r0 Force-displacement curve is approximately linear
THE LINEAR ELASTIC REGION
Stress
Tension
strain
Due to efficient
filling of space
Compression
T > C
T due to uncoiling
of polymer chains
T
ELASTIC MODULII
= E.
E Youngs modulus
= G.
G Shear modulus
K Bulk modulus
t
l
E
G
2(1 )
E
K
3(1 2 )
In
Ionic solids
NaCl
37
MgO Al2O3
310
402
TiC
Silica glass
308
70